The molecular athlete: exercise physiology from mechanisms to medals

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 103(3), P. 1693 - 1787

Published: Jan. 5, 2023

Human skeletal muscle demonstrates remarkable plasticity, adapting to numerous external stimuli including the habitual level of contractile loading. Accordingly, function and exercise capacity encompass a broad spectrum, from inactive individuals with low levels endurance strength elite athletes who produce prodigious performances underpinned by pleiotropic training-induced muscular adaptations. Our current understanding signal integration, interpretation, output coordination cellular molecular mechanisms that govern plasticity across this continuum is incomplete. As such, training methods their application largely rely on “trial-and-error” approach, experience practices successful coaches often providing bases for “post hoc” scientific enquiry research. This review provides synopsis morphological functional changes along underlying adaptation endurance- resistance-based training. These traits are placed in context innate genetic interindividual differences performance, special consideration given aging athletes. Collectively, we provide comprehensive overview response different modes how such adaptations translate “molecules medals.”

Language: Английский

---

The Training Characteristics of World-Class Distance Runners: An Integration of Scientific Literature and Results-Proven Practice

Sports Medicine - Open, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: April 1, 2022

Abstract In this review we integrate the scientific literature and results-proven practice outline a novel framework for understanding training development of elite long-distance performance. Herein, describe how fundamental characteristics well-known principles are applied. World-leading track runners (i.e., 5000 10,000 m) marathon specialists participate in 9 ± 3 6 2 (mean SD) annual competitions, respectively. The weekly running distance mid-preparation period is range 160–220 km marathoners 130–190 runners. These differences mainly explained by more kilometers on each session Both groups perform 11–14 sessions per week, ≥ 80% total volume performed at low intensity throughout year. distribution vary across mesocycles differ between runners, but common both that race-pace increases as main competition approaches. tapering process starts 7–10 days prior to competition. While African live train high altitude (2000–2500 m above sea level) most year, lowland athletes apply relatively long camps during preparation period. Overall, offers unique insights into world-class integrating practice, providing point departure future studies related Olympic events.

Language: Английский

---

The fourth dimension: physiological resilience as an independent determinant of endurance exercise performance

The Journal of Physiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 602(17), P. 4113 - 4128

Published: Aug. 22, 2023

Endurance exercise performance is known to be closely associated with the three physiological pillars of maximal O

Language: Английский

---

Does Lactate-Guided Threshold Interval Training within a High-Volume Low-Intensity Approach Represent the “Next Step” in the Evolution of Distance Running Training?

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 20(5), P. 3782 - 3782

Published: Feb. 21, 2023

The aim of the present study was to describe a novel training model based on lactate-guided threshold interval (LGTIT) within high-volume, low-intensity approach, which characterizes pattern in some world-class middle- and long-distance runners review potential physiological mechanisms explaining its effectiveness. This consists performing three four LGTIT sessions one VO2max intensity session weekly. In addition, low running is performed up an overall volume 150–180 km/week. During sessions, pace dictated by blood lactate concentration target (i.e., internal rather than external load), typically ranging from 2 4.5 mmol·L−1, measured every repetitions. That may allow for more rapid recovery through lower central peripheral fatigue between high-intensity compared with that greater intensities and, therefore, weekly these specific workouts. character allows achievement high absolute speeds thus, maximizing number motor units recruited, despite relatively metabolic zone). increase mitochondrial proliferation optimization both calcium adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways.

Language: Английский

---

Polarized Training Is Optimal for Endurance Athletes

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 54(6), P. 1028 - 1031

Published: Feb. 8, 2022

The training of endurance athletes has been and remains a central topic study in exercise physiology. physiology studied for many years (1). Their performance is widely understood terms the model Joyner Coyle (2), which integrates sustained ability to produce ATP aerobically convert muscular work power/speed. Beyond well-documented favorable effect doing larger volume training, often exceeding 1000 h·yr−1 some elite athletes, there clear evidence historical trend toward more lower-intensity dose–response relationship between load subsequent (3–6). Expressed simply, successful attempt optimize adaptive effects (improved performance) while mitigating side (fatigue, injury, overreaching, overtraining syndrome) their regimes (7). Historical context High-volume important at least 200 yr, beginning with era "pedestrian competitions." A decade-long debate persists regarding how other details program might interact maximize (8,9). Although numerous "systems" have described, within last century, development repetition (A.V. Hill, "Flying Finns") 1920s, Fartlek Sweden (Gosta Holmer), interval Germany (Gershler Reindell) 1930s, defined early approaches systemization. From late 1940s onward, dominant was volumes competition-specific mimicking programs champion athletes. Beginning about 1960, emergence runners following Arthur Lydiard's concept performing large relatively low-intensity running during preparatory period, growing interest intensity distribution (TID) contribute outcome training. This driven by better understanding physiological phenomena, particularly presence two distinct lactate/ventilatory thresholds (10,11). Indeed, 1970s–1990s, much focused on zone as potential "sweet spot" optimizing volume-intensity equation That this window (e.g., tempo training) approximated range competitive intensities events such 10- 42-km 40- 100-km cycling made it attractive based principle specificity. It still an element "menu" reportedly used highly from Kenya (6,12,13). However, continued individual successes suggest that may be key part generalizable approach Around turn 21st taking advantage improved methods monitoring several observational reports emerged number sporting disciplines, were apparently self-selecting TID dominated high (70%–90%) percentage below threshold (zone 1), very low (<10%) first second 2), limited amount (10%–20%) excess 3) (3,4,6,8,9,12–15). Regardless specific different coaching groups, organizational pattern can three zones anchored thresholds. Recognizing lactate ventilatory are not precisely same, general practice literature treat them or less equivalent, seen broadly equivalent maximal steady state critical seems self-select total 1) combined smaller, but obligatory, (or higher) Depending intermediate computed, referred polarized (~70%–10%–20%) pyramidal (~70%–20%–10%). In athletic disciplines where orthopedic stress low, thus performed (swimming, cycling, rowing), selection 1, although relative percentages seem remain consistent. computed either basis days intended vs tempo/steady-state high-intensity intervals/repetitions) cumulative time various heart rate, lactate, RPE zones. There conceptual matching, actual perfect matching (4,16). Observational studies Numerous studies, most since 2000, documented across (cross-country skiing, rowing, running, speed skating, swimming) use patterns, characterized (60%–90%) 1 (70% (solid bars)) (~50% (hatched 3 (gray bars) subelite runners, cyclists, rowers, swimmers. ~45 (~4.2% 2.4%) groups. third (20), 93% distinctly than usually evaluated (~40%–50%–10%) programs. group, magnitude remarkably supporting fifth (22), (crossover design) because already trained.Causal hypotheses Different proposed why First, we know primary signaling pathways mitochondrial proliferation (both convergent PGC1-α expression), one calcium (more likely (1,23) AMPK (24). latter preferentially drive type II motor units well increased capillary density Because unrecruited unlikely demonstrate increases density, follows necessary aerobic metabolism needed exercise. We also somewhat middle-distance compared long-distance potentially reflecting realities patterns unit recruitment duration (9). What kinetics saturation points pathways. If optimal, then suspect pathway and, conversely, relying sufficient saturate response (23,24). Second, monotonic loads cause homeostatic disturbances associated inflammatory (7) slow autonomic recovery (25). supports failures adapt nonfunctional overreaching dysfunction nervous system and/or chronic inflammation could reductions cardiac output, abnormalities selective delivery blood flow, electron transport chain efficiency. Any possibilities reduce capacity generation. too supported quasi-experimental observations Billat et al. (26) report Esteve-Lanao (21) tolerate ~10% measured rate summation. Summary (including pyradimal) precompetitive decades, favoring evident literature, experimental literature. proposes proportion effort should organized along plan 70%–80% hours sessions conducted threshold. Abundant interventional data support programs, designed (18,21) providing strongest evidence. underlying causes apparent determined relate both intracellular (particularly amplifying synthesis) prevention excessive polarized/pyradimal frequency/load risk maladaptations Less accomplished lower our value

Language: Английский

---

Comparative analysis of endurance, strength and body composition indicators in professional, under-23 and junior cyclists

Frontiers in Physiology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Aug. 5, 2022

Purpose: To compare endurance, strength and body composition indicators between cyclists of three different competition age categories. Methods: Fifty-one male road classified as either junior ( n = 13, 16.4 ± 0.5 years), under-23 [(U23), 24, 19.2 1.3 years] or professional 14, 26.1 4.8 years) were studied. Endurance (assessed through a maximal incremental test an 8-minute time-trial), strength/power loading tests for the squat, lunge hip thrust exercises) dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) determined on testing sessions. Results: U23 and, particularly professional, attained significantly p &lt; 0.05) higher values than juniors most analyzed endurance [time-trial performance, maximum oxygen uptake (VO 2max ), peak power output (PPO), respiratory compensation point (RCP), ventilatory threshold (VT)]. Significant differences professionals also found time-trial PPO VT, but not other markers such VO RCP. Professional showed lower relative fat mass muscle levels particularly, juniors. No consistent categories indicators. Conclusion: (particularly VT) (fat mass) appear factors that best differentiate categories, whereas no are strength/power. These findings might help in performance prediction and/or talent identification may aid guiding coaches design training programs focused improving those variables more determinant.

Language: Английский

---

Experimental evidence and clinical implications of Warburg effect in the skeletal muscle of Fabry disease

iScience, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 26(3), P. 106074 - 106074

Published: Jan. 28, 2023

Highlights•FD mice and patients show intolerance to aerobic activity lactate accumulation•A metabolic remodeling occurs in FD muscle with a glycolytic switch•miR-17 mediated HIF-1 upregulation is responsible for the Warburg effect muscle•Exercise testing, blood lactate, miR-17 are useful monitoring FDSummarySkeletal (SM) pain fatigue common Fabry disease (FD). Here, we undertook investigation of energetic mechanisms related FD-SM phenotype. A reduced tolerance accumulation occurred FD-mice patients. Accordingly, murine detected an increase fast/glycolytic fibers, mirrored by glycolysis upregulation. In FD-patients, confirmed high rate underutilization lipids as fuel. quest tentative mechanism, found upregulated This finding goes that accumulation. antagomir inhibited accumulation, reverting metabolic-remodeling FD-cells. Our findings unveil FD, anaerobic-glycolytic switch under normoxia induced miR-17-mediated Exercise-intolerance, blood-lactate increase, underlying miR-17/HIF-1 pathway may become therapeutic targets diagnostic/monitoring tools FD.Graphical abstract

Language: Английский

---

Effects of Exercise Training on Mitochondrial and Capillary Growth in Human Skeletal Muscle: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression

Sports Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Oct. 10, 2024

Skeletal muscle mitochondria and capillaries are crucial for aerobic fitness, suppressed levels associated with chronic age-related diseases. Currently, evidence-based exercise training recommendations to enhance these characteristics limited. It is essential explore how factors, such as fitness level, age, sex, disease affect mitochondrial capillary adaptations different stimuli.

Language: Английский

---

Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Impact of Sex and Training Status

Sports Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 54(2), P. 485 - 503

Published: Oct. 17, 2023

Abstract Background Many sports require maximal strength and endurance performance. Concurrent training can lead to suboptimal adaptations. However, how adaptations differ between males females is currently unknown. Additionally, current status may affect Objective We aimed assess sex-specific differences in strength, power, muscle hypertrophy, oxygen consumption ( $$\dot{V}$$ V ˙ O 2max ) concurrent healthy adults. Second, we investigated are influenced by status. Methods A systematic review meta-analysis was conducted according PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews Meta-Analyses) guidelines, a Cochrane risk of bias evaluated. ISI Web science, PubMed/MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus databases were searched using the following inclusion criteria: adults aged 18–50 years, intervention period ≥ 4 weeks, outcome measures defined as upper- lower-body and/or . performed random-effects model reported standardized mean differences. Results In total, 59 studies with 1346 participants included. showed blunted males, but not (male: − 0.43, 95% confidence interval [− 0.64 0.22], female: 0.08 0.34 0.49], group difference: P = 0.03). No sex observed changes upper-body 0.67), power 0.37), or 0.13). Data on hypertrophy insufficient draw any conclusions. For status, untrained trained highly athletes displayed lower gains 0.04). other outcomes, no found individuals, both Conclusions results small interference females. Untrained, demonstrated impaired improvements training. More strength-trained endurance-trained warranted. Clinical Trial Registration PROSPERO: CRD42022370894.

Language: Английский

---

Effects of Exercise Training Intensity and Duration on Skeletal Muscle Capillarization in Healthy Subjects: A Meta-analysis

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 54(10), P. 1714 - 1728

Published: May 6, 2022

This study aimed to investigate the effect of intensity and duration continuous interval exercise training on capillarization in skeletal muscle healthy adults.PubMed Web Science were searched from inception June 2021. Eligibility criteria for studies endurance >2 wk adults, capillary fiber ratio (C:F) and/or density (CD) reported. Meta-analyses performed, subsequent subgroup analyses conducted by characteristics participants scheme.Fifty-seven trials 38 included (10%/90%, athletic/sedentary). C:F was measured 391 subjects 47 trials, whereas CD 428 50 trials. Exercise increased (mean difference, 0.33 (95% confidence interval, 0.30-0.37)) with low heterogeneity ( I2 = 45.08%) 49.8 (36.9-62.6) capillaries per millimeter squared) moderate 68.82%). Compared low-intensity (<50% maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O 2max )), 21% higher relative change observed after moderate-intensity (50%-80% V̇O ) 54% high (80%-100% sedentary subjects. The magnitude growth not dependent intervention duration. In already trained subjects, no additional increase various types training.In lead increases capillarization, has less effect. Within time frame studied, established regarding meta-analysis highlights need further athlete groups discern if can be obtained, so, which combination is optimal (time vs intensity).

Language: Английский

---