The molecular athlete: exercise physiology from mechanisms to medals

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 103(3), P. 1693 - 1787

Published: Jan. 5, 2023

Human skeletal muscle demonstrates remarkable plasticity, adapting to numerous external stimuli including the habitual level of contractile loading. Accordingly, function and exercise capacity encompass a broad spectrum, from inactive individuals with low levels endurance strength elite athletes who produce prodigious performances underpinned by pleiotropic training-induced muscular adaptations. Our current understanding signal integration, interpretation, output coordination cellular molecular mechanisms that govern plasticity across this continuum is incomplete. As such, training methods their application largely rely on “trial-and-error” approach, experience practices successful coaches often providing bases for “post hoc” scientific enquiry research. This review provides synopsis morphological functional changes along underlying adaptation endurance- resistance-based training. These traits are placed in context innate genetic interindividual differences performance, special consideration given aging athletes. Collectively, we provide comprehensive overview response different modes how such adaptations translate “molecules medals.”

Language: Английский

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A Perspective on High-Intensity Interval Training for Performance and Health

Sports Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 53(S1), P. 85 - 96

Published: Oct. 7, 2023

Language: Английский

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Physiological Resilience: What Is It and How Might It Be Trained?

Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 35(3)

Published: March 1, 2025

Physiological resilience has recently been recognized as an additional factor that influences endurance exercise performance. It thus incorporated into a modified, contemporary version of "the Joyner model" which acknowledges start-line values V̇O2max, efficiency or economy, and metabolic thresholds are prone to deterioration, often with appreciable interindividual variability, during prolonged exercise. The physiological underpinnings elusive sports physiologists presently concerned developing practical testing protocols reflect athlete's characteristics. is also important consider why some athletes more resilient than others whether can be enhanced-and, if so, training programs specific sessions might stimulate its development. While data scant, the available evidence suggests consistency accumulation relatively large volumes over longer-term (i.e., several years) promote resilience. inclusion regular within program, especially when these include bouts high-intensity at race pace above progressive increase in intensity face fatigue, represent effective means enhancing Finally, resistance training, heavy strength plyometric appears have positive effects on Considerations for resilience, alongside other established determinants performance, will likely long-term development successful athletes.

Language: Английский

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Physiological adaptations and performance enhancement with combined blood flow restricted and interval training: A systematic review with meta-analysis

Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 101030 - 101030

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

We aimed to determine: (a) the chronic effects of interval training (IT) combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) on physiological adaptations (aerobic/anaerobic capacity and muscle responses) performance enhancement (endurance sprints), (b) influence participant characteristics intervention protocols these effects. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web Science (Core Collection), Cochrane Library (Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform), Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure April 2, updates October 17, 2024. Pooled for each outcome summarized using Hedge's g (g) through meta-analysis-based random models, subgroup regression analyses used explore moderators. A total 24 studies 621 participants included. IT BFR (IT+BFR) significantly improved maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) (g = 0.63, I2 63%), mean power during Wingate 30-s test 0.70, 47%), strength 0.88, 64%), endurance 0.43, 0%), time fatigue 1.26, 86%), aerobic speed 0.74, 0%) compared alone. Subgroup analysis indicated that including status, intensity, modes moderated VO2max (subgroup differences: p < 0.05). Specifically, IT+BFR showed superior improvements alone trained individuals 0.76) at supra-maximal intensity 1.29) moderate 1.08) as well walking 1.64) running 0.63) modes. Meta-regression cuff width (β 0.14) was associated change, identifying 8.23 cm minimum threshold required significant improvement. regarding did not reveal any enhances optimizes aspects performance, moderators protocol (intensity, mode, type), width. This addresses various IT-related challenges provides tailored benefits diverse populations.

Language: Английский

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Does Lactate-Guided Threshold Interval Training within a High-Volume Low-Intensity Approach Represent the “Next Step” in the Evolution of Distance Running Training?

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 20(5), P. 3782 - 3782

Published: Feb. 21, 2023

The aim of the present study was to describe a novel training model based on lactate-guided threshold interval (LGTIT) within high-volume, low-intensity approach, which characterizes pattern in some world-class middle- and long-distance runners review potential physiological mechanisms explaining its effectiveness. This consists performing three four LGTIT sessions one VO2max intensity session weekly. In addition, low running is performed up an overall volume 150–180 km/week. During sessions, pace dictated by blood lactate concentration target (i.e., internal rather than external load), typically ranging from 2 4.5 mmol·L−1, measured every repetitions. That may allow for more rapid recovery through lower central peripheral fatigue between high-intensity compared with that greater intensities and, therefore, weekly these specific workouts. character allows achievement high absolute speeds thus, maximizing number motor units recruited, despite relatively metabolic zone). increase mitochondrial proliferation optimization both calcium adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways.

Language: Английский

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Heart Rate Variability-Derived Thresholds for Exercise Intensity Prescription in Endurance Sports: A Systematic Review of Interrelations and Agreement with Different Ventilatory and Blood Lactate Thresholds

Sports Medicine - Open, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: July 18, 2023

Exercise intensities are prescribed using specific intensity zones (moderate, heavy, and severe) determined by a 'lower' 'higher' threshold. Typically, ventilatory (VT) or blood lactate thresholds (LT), critical power/speed concepts (CP/CS) used. Various heart rate variability-derived (HRVTs) different HRV indices may constitute applicable alternatives, but systematic review of the proximity HRVTs to established threshold is lacking.This aims provide an overview studies that during endurance exercise in healthy adults comparison with reference VT and/or LT concept.A literature search for determining individuals comparing them VTs LTs was conducted Scopus, PubMed Web Science (until January 2022). Studies claiming describe similar physiological boundaries delineate moderate from heavy (HRVTlow vs. VTlow LTlow), severe zone (HRVThigh VThigh LThigh) were grouped their results synthesized.Twenty-seven included (461 participants) showed mean difference relative HR between HRVTlow - 0.6%bpm weighted means 0.02%bpm LTlow. Bias at 1 bpm (limits agreement (LoA): 10.9 12.8 bpm) 2.7 (LoA: 20.4 25.8 Mean HRVThigh 0.3%bpm 2.9%bpm LThigh while bias 4 17.9 9.9 2.5 12.1 17.1 LThigh.HRVTlow seems be promising approach determination comparable potentially compared VThigh, although latter needs further empirical evaluation. LoA both indicates on individual level. Taken together, can alternative prescribing healthy, male athletes undertaking activities due heterogeneity study design, concepts, standardization, lack female participants, research necessary draw more robust nuanced conclusions.

Language: Английский

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Physiological drift during steady-state exercise based on the incremental Talk Test

Human Movement, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(1), P. 71 - 80

Published: March 31, 2025

Purpose The Talk Test (TT ) is recognised as a practical method for prescribing exercise intensity during incremental exercise, although its applicability to prolonged steady-state – particularly with respect physiological drift remains underexplored. Therefore, this study aimed evaluate whether workloads at different TT stages predict responses training. Methods Well-trained individuals (1–3 h of hiking, 3–4 times per week) performed (2-min stages) determine the equivocal (EQ), last positive (LP) and positive-1 (LP-1) stages. Participants then completed 60-min uphill walking bouts LP-1, LP EQ intensities in random order. Repeated measures ANOVA Tukey post-hoc tests assessed differences across exercise. Results During LP-1 bouts, stable conditions were observed percentage maximum heart rate (% HRmax) (< 85% HRmax), rating perceived exertion (RPE) 4/10), blood lactate (2–3 mmol · l–1) score (~1.2/3). In contrast, EQ, all values showed significant drift, including HR (> 95% RPE (~7/10), (~7 (~2.4/3). Conclusions Training based on or provides consistent moderate-intensity domain, minimal Steady-state stage results comparable heavy severe domain maximal steady-state). These findings suggest that -based intensities, may be suitable training physically active individuals, build endurance. Future research should investigate athletes, effectiveness

Language: Английский

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Long-Term Development of Training Characteristics and Performance-Determining Factors in Elite/International and World-Class Endurance Athletes: A Scoping Review

Sports Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 53(8), P. 1595 - 1607

Published: May 13, 2023

In this scoping review, we aimed to 1) identify and evaluate existing research that describes the long-term development of training characteristics performance-determining factors in male female endurance athletes reaching an elite/international (Tier 4) or world-class level 5), 2) summarize available evidence 3) point out knowledge gaps provide methodological guidelines for future field.This review was conducted following Joanna Briggs Institute methodology reviews.Out 16772 screened items across a 22-year period (1990-2022), total 17 peer-reviewed journal articles met inclusion criteria were considered further analysis. These studies described from seven different sports countries, with 11 (69%) being published during last decade. Of 109 included one quarter women (27%), three quarters men (73%). Ten information about volume intensity distribution. A non-linear, year-to-year increase found most athletes, resulting subsequent plateau. Furthermore, performance determining factors. Here, showed improvements submaximal variables (e.g., lactate/anaerobic threshold work economy/efficiency) maximal performance-indices peak speed/watt testing). Conversely, VO2max inconsistent studies. No regarding possible sex differences among athletes.Overall, low number describing is available. This suggests talent practices are built upon limited scientific evidence. Overall, there urgent need additional based on systematic monitoring young age utilizing high-precision, reproducible measurements

Language: Английский

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The proportional distribution of training by elite endurance athletes at different intensities during different phases of the season

Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 5

Published: Oct. 27, 2023

The present review examines retrospective analyses of training intensity distribution (TID), i.e., the proportion at moderate (Zone 1, Z1), heavy (Z2) and severe (Z3) by elite-to-world-class endurance athletes during different phases season. In addition, we discuss potential implications our findings for research in this field, as well these athletes. Altogether, included 175 TIDs, which 120 quantified exercise on basis heart rate measured time-in-zone or employed variations session goal approach, with demarcation zones based physiological parameters. Notably, 49% TIDs were single-case studies, predominantly concerning cross-country skiing and/or biathlon. Eighty-nine pyramidal (Z1 &gt; Z2 Z3), 65 polarized Z3 Z2) 8 “threshold” (Z2 Z1 = Z3). However, relative numbers varied between sports particular 91% ( n 160) &gt;60% was low intensity. Regardless approach to quantification phase season, cyclists swimmers found perform a lower (&lt;72%) higher (&gt;16%) than involved triathlon, speed skating, rowing, running, biathlon (&gt;80% &lt;12% all cases). For most their heavy-to-severe period competition preparatory phase, although considerable variability sports. conclusion, existing literature area does not allow general conclusions be drawn. methods utilized vary widely and, moreover, contextual information mode exercise, environmental conditions, biomechanical aspects is often lacking. Therefore, recommend more comprehensive connection future investigations

Language: Английский

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Training Session Models in Endurance Sports: A Norwegian Perspective on Best Practice Recommendations

Sports Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 54(11), P. 2935 - 2953

Published: July 16, 2024

Abstract Background Our scientific understanding of the mechanistic and practical connections between training session prescriptions, their execution by athletes, adaptations over time in elite endurance sports remains limited. These are fundamental to art science coaching. Objective By using successful Norwegian coaches as key informants, aim this study is describe compare best practice models across different exercise intensities Olympic sports. Methods Data collection was based on a four-step pragmatic qualitative design, involving questionnaires, logs from in-depth semi-structured interviews, followed negotiation among researchers assure our interpretations. Twelve experienced male biathlon, cross-country skiing, long-distance running, road cycling, rowing, speed skating, swimming, triathlon were chosen informants. They had been responsible for world-class athletes who altogether have won > 370 medals international championships. Results The duration low-intensity (LIT) sessions ranges 30 min 7 h sports, mainly due modality-specific constraints load tolerance considerations. Cross-training accounts considerable part LIT several Moderate (MIT)- high-intensity (HIT) conducted intervals specific modalities, but competitions also account large proportion annual HIT most Interval characterized high accumulated volume, progressive increase intensity throughout session, controlled, rather than exhaustive, approach. A clear trend towards shorter lower work: rest ratio with increasing observed. Overall, analyzed implement considerably more MIT cycle. Conclusions This provides novel insights quantitative aspects employed interval revealed generally voluminous, less exhaustive previous recommendations outlined research literature.

Language: Английский

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