Full-length genome reveals genetic diversity and extensive recombination patterns of Saudi GI-1 and GI-23 genotypes of infectious bronchitis virus

Virology Journal, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 22(1)

Published: Jan. 4, 2025

Despite numerous genetic studies on Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV), many strains from the Middle East remain misclassified or unclassified. Genotype 1 (GI-1) is found globally, while genotype 23 (GI-23) has emerged as predominant in region, evolving continuously through inter- and intra-genotypic recombination. The GI-23 now enzootic Europe Asia. Over a 24-month period May 2022 to June 2024, 360 samples were collected 19 layer 3 broiler poultry farms central Saudi Arabia. chickens exhibited reduced laying rates symptoms such weakness respiratory distress, broilers showed issues. Samples, including tracheal swabs various tissue specimens, pooled, homogenized, stored at -20 °C prior PCR analysis. underwent virus isolation embryonated chicken eggs, RNA extraction using automated systems, detection of IBV real-time RT-PCR targeting conserved 5'-UTR fragment. Full-length genome sequencing was performed, recombination analysis conducted RDP 4.6. cluster into genotypes GI-1 GI-23.1. study identified critical amino acid substitutions hypervariable regions spike protein detected events ORF1ab, N, M, 3ab, 5ab genes, with nsp3 ORF1ab showing greatest number events. multiple that different genes indicate circulating do not share single ancestor but have successive

Language: Английский

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Some novel field isolates belonging to lineage-1 of the genotype GI-avian infectious bronchitis virus (AIBV) show strong evidence of recombination with field/vaccinal strains

Infection Genetics and Evolution, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 105723 - 105723

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Global Emergence of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Variants: Evolution, Immunity, and Vaccination Challenges

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 2023, P. 1 - 28

Published: Nov. 29, 2023

Infectious bronchitis is an acute, extremely contagious viral disease affecting chickens of all ages, leading to devastating economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Affected show respiratory distress and/or nephritis, addition decrease egg production and quality layers. The avian coronavirus, infectious virus (IBV), a rapidly evolving due high frequency mutations recombination events that are common coronaviruses. This leads continual emergence novel genotypes variable or poor crossprotection. immune response against IBV complex. Passive, innate adaptive humoral cellular immunity play distinct roles protection IBV. Despite intensive vaccination using currently available live-attenuated inactivated vaccines, continues circulate, evolve, trigger outbreaks worldwide, indicating urgent need update current vaccines control emerging variants. Different approaches for preparation including DNA, subunit, peptides, virus-like particles, vectored recombinant have been tested many studies combat disease. review focuses on several key aspects related IBV, its clinical significance, functional structure virus, factors contribute evolution diversity, types responses characteristics both vaccines. goal provide comprehensive understanding explore variants, their dissemination around world, challenges define efficient strategies.

Language: Английский

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Insights into the Activation of Unfolded Protein Response Mechanism during Coronavirus Infection

Current Issues in Molecular Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 46(5), P. 4286 - 4308

Published: May 5, 2024

Coronaviruses represent a significant class of viruses that affect both animals and humans. Their replication cycle is strongly associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which, upon virus invasion, triggers ER stress responses. The activation unfolded protein response (UPR) within infected cells performed from three transmembrane receptors, IRE1, PERK, ATF6, results in reduction production, boost ER’s ability to fold proteins properly, initiation ER-associated degradation (ERAD) remove misfolded or proteins. However, cases prolonged severe stress, UPR can also instigate apoptotic cell death inflammation. Herein, we discuss ER-triggered host responses after coronavirus infection, as well pharmaceutical targeting potential antiviral strategy.

Language: Английский

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Lessons Learnt on Infectious Bronchitis Virus Lineage GI-23

Avian Pathology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 54(1), P. 27 - 39

Published: Aug. 27, 2024

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the first coronavirus discovered in world early 1930s and despite decades of extensive immunoprophylaxis efforts, it remains a major health concern to poultry producers worldwide. Rapid evolution due large population sizes coupled with high mutation recombination events reliance antiviral immune response on specific antibodies against epitopes S1 glycoprotein, render control IBV extremely challenging. The numerous rapidly evolving genetic antigenic types are currently classified based whole gene sequence, into 36 lineages clustered eight genotypes. Most (29) grouped genotype I (GI). "Variant 2" (

Language: Английский

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Revealing a novel GI-19 lineage infectious bronchitis virus sub-genotype with multiple Recombinations in South Korea using whole-genome sequencing

Infection Genetics and Evolution, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 128, P. 105717 - 105717

Published: Jan. 18, 2025

Infectious bronchitis (IB), caused by the infectious virus (IBV), is a highly contagious chicken disease, causing economic losses worldwide. New IBV strains and variants continue to emerge despite using inactivated live-attenuated vaccines prevent or control IB. In this study, S1 genes of 46 strains, isolated from commercial flocks between 2003 2024 in Korea were sequenced genetically characterized. The isolates belonged Korean group II (K-II), which was included GI-19 lineage. K-II divided into five sub-genogroups (a-e) based on phylogenetic tree analysis results nucleotide identification gene. Of these, K-IId most common genotype Korea; however, eight novel belonging K-IIe sub-genotype discovered. amino acid identities other four sub-genotypes 84.42-95.89 % 84.02-95.86 %, respectively. complete genomes obtained next-generation sequencing. Various recombination patterns observed high homology gene among strains. Among isolates, six recombinants, exhibiting recombinations K-IIc, K-IIa, with live vaccine strain. Most breakpoints detected nsp2 region ORF1a, S2, M genes. present study proposed new classification criteria for lineage prevalent South revealed recently identified providing important information viral evolution.

Language: Английский

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Dynamic Immune Response Landscapes of Avian Peripheral Blood Post-Vaccination Against Infectious Bronchitis Virus Infection

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 13(2), P. 146 - 146

Published: Jan. 30, 2025

Background/Objectives: Despite decades of extensive vaccinations against avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection, outbreaks caused by constantly emerging variants due to genome recombination between different viral strains, including vaccine occur annually worldwide. The development novel vaccines with favorable safety and effectiveness is required but hindered a limited understanding vaccination IBV. Methods: Here, we performed comprehensive analysis the in vivo dynamics peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) specific pathogen-free chickens inoculated widely used live attenuated IBV strain H120 at single-cell level, using high-throughput transcriptome sequencing (scRNA-seq). Results: High-quality dataset for four scRNA-seq data containing transcriptomes 29,846 individual chicken PBMCs were obtained, defining 22 populations 7 cell types based on distinct molecular signatures known markers. Further integrative constructed time series dynamic transition immune response landscapes within two weeks post-prime Enhanced crosstalk antigen-presenting T lymphocytes was revealed as early days post-vaccination. their cellular networks involved initiation phase antiviral adaptive responses elucidated details. Conclusions: Our study provides view infection levels, which theoretical support potential solutions future rational design safe effective vaccines, augmentation efficacy current optimization programs.

Language: Английский

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Proteomic analysis identifies intracellular targets for avian coronavirus NSP10

Archives of Virology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 170(4)

Published: March 13, 2025

Language: Английский

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Genomic Alterations of the Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Strain of the GI-23 Lineage Induced by Passages in Chickens and Quails

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(9), P. 4200 - 4200

Published: April 28, 2025

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) of the GI-23 lineage, which first emerged in Middle East late 1990s, has since spread worldwide. The factors driving its expansion, whether human involvement, wild bird migration, or virus's biological traits, are still unclear. This study aimed to trace genome evolution IBV chickens and adaptability quails, susceptible both gamma- deltacoronaviruses. Thirty specific-pathogen-free (SPF) birds, aged between two three weeks, were used. Initially, birds inoculated with G052/2016 via oculo-nasal route. On third day post-infection (dpi), oropharyngeal swabs collected from whole group, pooled, subsequently used infect next birds. process was repeated nine more times during consecutive passages (P-I-P-X), eventually, sequencing performed using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). obtained results showed that quails not as RNA detected low amounts only passage (QP-I) no further detections later rounds passaging. In chickens, mild diarrhea symptoms appeared a few individuals. NGS analysis identified sixty-two single nucleotide variants (SNVs), thirty caused amino acid changes, twenty-eight synonymous, one SNV introduced stop codon. Three SNVs found untranslated regions. However, none these lasted beyond seven passages, forty-four being unique SNVs. Shannon entropy values measured varied for pol1a, pol1b, S, 5a, 5b, N genes, overall complexity peaking at CP-VI CP-X. highest observed pol1a (CP-X) S genes (CP-IV, CP-VI, CP-VIII, CP-X). Along gene under positive selection, eight codons also positively selected. These findings suggest even an adapted host, variability does stabilize without immune pressure, indicating continuous molecular changes within genome.

Language: Английский

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Detection of multiple recombinations of avian coronavirus in South Korea by whole-genome analysis

Infection Genetics and Evolution, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 118, P. 105565 - 105565

Published: Feb. 2, 2024

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), an avian coronavirus, has caused considerable damage to the poultry industry. In Korea, indigenous KM91-like and newly introduced QX-like lineages belonging GI-19 lineage have been prevalent despite constant vaccination. this study, complete genome sequences of 23 IBV isolates in Korea from 2010 2020 were obtained using next-generation sequencing, their phylogenetic relationship recombination events analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis based on S1 gene showed that all belonged divided into five subgroups (KM91-like, K40/09-like, II IV). Among isolates, 14 recombinants found, including frequent between strains. addition, it was observed other lineages, such as GI-1, GI-13, GI-16, involved recombination. Most breakpoints detected ORF1ab gene, particularly nsp3. However, when considering size each genome, occurred more frequently 3a, E 5a genes. Taken together, genetic throughout entire various strains live attenuated vaccine strain. Our study suggests necessity further research contribution genomes outside spike region biological characteristics IBV.

Language: Английский

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