Archives of Toxicology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
97(10), P. 2499 - 2574
Published: Aug. 19, 2023
Abstract
A
physiological
level
of
oxygen/nitrogen
free
radicals
and
non-radical
reactive
species
(collectively
known
as
ROS/RNS)
is
termed
oxidative
eustress
or
“good
stress”
characterized
by
low
to
mild
levels
oxidants
involved
in
the
regulation
various
biochemical
transformations
such
carboxylation,
hydroxylation,
peroxidation,
modulation
signal
transduction
pathways
Nuclear
factor-κB
(NF-κB),
Mitogen-activated
protein
kinase
(MAPK)
cascade,
phosphoinositide-3-kinase,
nuclear
factor
erythroid
2–related
2
(Nrf2)
other
processes.
Increased
ROS/RNS,
generated
from
both
endogenous
(mitochondria,
NADPH
oxidases)
and/or
exogenous
sources
(radiation,
certain
drugs,
foods,
cigarette
smoking,
pollution)
result
a
harmful
condition
stress
(“bad
stress”).
Although
it
widely
accepted,
that
many
chronic
diseases
are
multifactorial
origin,
they
share
common
denominator.
Here
we
review
importance
mechanisms
through
which
contributes
pathological
states
an
organism.
Attention
focused
on
chemistry
ROS
RNS
(e.g.
superoxide
radical,
hydrogen
peroxide,
hydroxyl
radicals,
peroxyl
nitric
oxide,
peroxynitrite),
their
role
damage
DNA,
proteins,
membrane
lipids.
Quantitative
qualitative
assessment
biomarkers
also
discussed.
Oxidative
pathology
cancer,
cardiovascular
diseases,
diabetes,
neurological
disorders
(Alzheimer’s
Parkinson’s
Down
syndrome),
psychiatric
(depression,
schizophrenia,
bipolar
disorder),
renal
disease,
lung
disease
(chronic
pulmonary
obstruction,
cancer),
aging.
The
concerted
action
antioxidants
ameliorate
effect
achieved
antioxidant
enzymes
(Superoxide
dismutases-SODs,
catalase,
glutathione
peroxidase-GPx),
small
molecular
weight
(vitamins
C
E,
flavonoids,
carotenoids,
melatonin,
ergothioneine,
others).
Perhaps
one
most
effective
vitamin
first
line
defense
against
peroxidation
promising
approach
appears
be
use
flavonoids),
showing
weak
prooxidant
properties
may
boost
cellular
systems
thus
act
preventive
anticancer
agents.
Redox
metal-based
enzyme
mimetic
compounds
potential
pharmaceutical
interventions
sirtuins
therapeutic
targets
for
age-related
anti-aging
strategies
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
7(1)
Published: March 10, 2022
Abstract
Although
the
treatment
of
myocardial
infarction
(MI)
has
improved
considerably,
it
is
still
a
worldwide
disease
with
high
morbidity
and
mortality.
Whilst
there
long
way
to
go
for
discovering
ideal
treatments,
therapeutic
strategies
committed
cardioprotection
cardiac
repair
following
ischemia
are
emerging.
Evidence
pathological
characteristics
in
MI
illustrates
cell
signaling
pathways
that
participate
survival,
proliferation,
apoptosis,
autophagy
cardiomyocytes,
endothelial
cells,
fibroblasts,
monocytes,
stem
cells.
These
include
key
players
inflammation
response,
e.g.,
NLRP3/caspase-1
TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB;
crucial
mediators
oxidative
stress
instance,
Notch,
Hippo/YAP,
RhoA/ROCK,
Nrf2/HO-1,
Sonic
hedgehog;
controller
fibrosis
such
as
TGF-β/SMADs
Wnt/β-catenin;
main
regulator
angiogenesis,
PI3K/Akt,
MAPK,
JAK/STAT,
hedgehog,
etc.
Since
play
an
important
role
administering
process
MI,
aiming
at
targeting
these
aberrant
improving
manifestations
indispensable
promising.
Hence,
drug
therapy,
gene
protein
exosome
therapy
have
been
emerging
known
novel
therapies.
In
this
review,
we
summarize
by
regulating
associated
pathways,
which
contribute
inhibiting
cardiomyocytes
death,
attenuating
inflammation,
enhancing
so
re-functionalize
damaged
hearts.
Antioxidants,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
9(10), P. 936 - 936
Published: Sept. 29, 2020
Since
the
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
coronavirus
2
(SARS-CoV-2)
outbreak
emerged,
countless
efforts
are
being
made
worldwide
to
understand
molecular
mechanisms
underlying
disease
2019
(COVID-19)
in
an
attempt
identify
specific
clinical
characteristics
of
critically
ill
COVID-19
patients
involved
its
pathogenesis
and
provide
therapeutic
alternatives
minimize
severity.
Recently,
has
been
closely
related
sepsis,
which
suggests
that
most
deceases
intensive
care
units
(ICU)
may
be
a
direct
consequence
SARS-CoV-2
infection-induced
sepsis.
Understanding
oxidative
stress
inflammation
contributing
progression
phenotypes
such
as
sepsis
is
current
need
effort
improve
therapies
infected
patients.
This
article
aims
review
relationship
with
inflammation,
can
contribute
progression.
We
also
overview
potential
antioxidant
active
trials
might
prevent
or
reduce
Nutrients,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
14(19), P. 3934 - 3934
Published: Sept. 22, 2022
Melatonin
has
become
a
popular
dietary
supplement,
most
known
as
chronobiotic,
and
for
establishing
healthy
sleep.
Research
over
the
last
decade
into
cancer,
Alzheimer’s
disease,
multiple
sclerosis,
fertility,
PCOS,
many
other
conditions,
combined
with
COVID-19
pandemic,
led
to
greater
awareness
of
melatonin
because
its
ability
act
potent
antioxidant,
immune-active
agent,
mitochondrial
regulator.
There
are
distinct
similarities
between
vitamin
D
in
depth
breadth
their
impact
on
health.
Both
hormones,
affect
systems
through
immune-modulating,
anti-inflammatory
functions,
found
skin,
responsive
sunlight
darkness.
In
fact,
there
may
be
widespread
concern
about
deficiency
“sunlight
deficiency”
reduced
secretion
result
“darkness
from
overexposure
artificial
blue
light.
The
trend
toward
use
supplements
resulted
safety,
especially
higher
doses,
long-term
use,
application
certain
populations
(e.g.,
children).
This
review
aims
evaluate
recent
data
melatonin’s
mechanisms,
clinical
uses
beyond
sleep,
safety
concerns,
thorough
summary
therapeutic
considerations
concerning
supplementation,
including
different
formats
available
(animal,
synthetic,
phytomelatonin),
dosing,
timing,
contraindications,
nutrient
combinations.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
15
Published: Feb. 1, 2024
Melatonin
(N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine)
is
an
indolamine
hormone
with
many
physiological
and
biological
roles.
antioxidant,
anti-inflammatory,
free
radical
scavenger,
circadian
rhythm
regulator,
sleep
hormone.
However,
its
most
popular
role
the
ability
to
regulate
through
rhythm.
Interestingly,
recent
studies
have
shown
that
melatonin
important
essential
during
pregnancy,
specifically
in
placenta.
This
primarily
due
placenta’s
synthesize
own
rather
than
depending
on
pineal
gland.
During
acts
as
antioxidant
which
necessary
ensure
a
stable
environment
for
both
mother
fetus.
It
placenta
because
it
reduces
oxidative
stress
by
constantly
scavenging
radicals,
i.e.,
maintain
integrity.
In
healthy
maternal
immune
system
altered
accommodate
needs
of
growing
fetus,
key
anti-inflammatory
regulating
homeostasis
early
late
gestation.
literature
review
aims
identify
summarize
melatonin’s
powerful
inflammation
favorable
homeostatic
throughout
Frontiers in Neurology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
11
Published: Jan. 28, 2021
Clinical
reports
of
neurological
manifestations
associated
with
severe
coronavirus
disease
2019
(COVID-19),
such
as
acute
ischemic
stroke
(AIS),
encephalopathy,
seizures,
headaches,
necrotizing
encephalitis,
cerebral
microbleeds,
posterior
reversible
leukoencephalopathy
syndrome,
hemophagocytic
lymphohistiocytosis,
peripheral
neuropathy,
cranial
nerve
palsies,
transverse
myelitis,
and
demyelinating
disorders,
are
increasing
rapidly.
However,
there
comparatively
few
studies
investigating
the
potential
impact
immunological
responses
secondary
to
hypoxia,
oxidative
stress,
excessive
platelet-induced
aggregation
on
brain.
This
scoping
review
has
focused
pathophysiological
mechanisms
consequential
neural
(central)
inflammation
leading
COVID-19-related
strokes.
It
also
highlights
common
biological
processes
shared
between
AIS
COVID-19
infection
importance
recognition
that
respiratory
dysfunction
impairments
COVID
chronic
[post-COVID-19
syndrome
(PCNS)]
may
significantly
recovery
ability
benefit
from
neurorehabilitation.
study
provides
a
comprehensive
pathobiology
stroke.
affirms
contribution
pathophysiology
is
predictive
sequelae
particularly
stroke,
which
makes
it
expectation
rather
than
exception.
work
fundamental
significance
neurorehabilitation
community
given
number
COVID-related
strokes,
current
limited
knowledge
regarding
risk
reinfection,
recent
PCNS.
further
need
for
global
collaboration
research
into
new
pathobiology-based
treatment
strategies
more
integrated
evidence-based
care.
European Journal of Pediatrics,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
181(3), P. 875 - 887
Published: Nov. 24, 2021
Abstract
Around
0.75
million
babies
worldwide
suffer
from
moderate
or
severe
hypoxic-ischemic
encephalopathy
(HIE)
each
year
resulting
in
around
400,000
with
neurodevelopmental
impairment.
In
2010,
neonatal
HIE
was
associated
2.4%
of
the
total
Global
Burden
Disease.
Therapeutic
hypothermia
(TH),
a
treatment
that
is
now
standard
care
high-income
countries,
provides
proof
concept
strategies
aim
to
improve
neurodevelopment
are
not
only
possible
but
can
also
be
implemented
clinical
practice.
While
TH
beneficial,
neonates
treated
still
experience
devastating
complications:
48%
(range:
44–53)
combined
death
moderate/severe
disability.
There
concern
may
effective
low-
and
middle-income
countries.
Therapies
further
outcomes
desperately
needed,
they
must
tested
conjunction
TH.
We
have
this
review
focussed
on
pharmacological
options
(e.g.
erythropoietin,
allopurinol,
melatonin,
cannabidiol,
exendin-4/exenatide).
Erythropoietin
allopurinol
show
promise
progressing
towards
clinic
ongoing
definitive
phase
3
randomised
placebo-controlled
trials.
However,
there
remain
global
challenges
for
next
decade.
Conclusion
:
need
more
optimal
animal
models,
greater
industry
support/sponsorship,
increased
use
juvenile
toxicology,
dose-ranging
studies
pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic
modelling,
well-designed
trials
avoid
exposure
harmful
medications
abandoning
putative
treatments.
What
Known:
•
beneficial
encephalopathy.
Neonates
therapeutic
sequelae.
New:
Erythropoietin,
exendin-4/exenatide
hypothermia.
