Trends in Alzheimer's‐Related Mortality Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients in the United States: 1999–2019

Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 8(2)

Published: Feb. 3, 2025

Recent research has shown that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increased the burden of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in US aging population. However, trends mortality from this comorbidity among adults aged ≥ 65 years have not been investigated. This study examined and disparities AD-related older with T2DM 1999 to 2019. Data CDC WONDER database were analysed assess patients between Age-adjusted rates (AAMRs) per 100,000 people annual percent change (APC) calculated stratified by year, sex, race/ethnicity, age, urbanisation geographical region. From 2019, there 71,550 deaths AD 65. AAMRs rose 4.12 11.65 sharpest increase 2014 2017 (APC: 10.81; 95% CI: -3.20 13.43). Women had slightly higher than men, increasing 4.71 11.61 2019 for women, 4.08 11.70 men. Hispanic individuals saw highest AAMR (11.15), followed non-Hispanic Black (9.30) White populations (7.92). West (10.91) Midwest (9.62), while Northeast (4.70) lowest. Nonmetropolitan areas consistently (10.74) large metropolitan (6.68) small/medium (9.25). States top 90th percentile T2DM-AD included California, South Dakota Kentucky, where approximately eight times states lowest 10th percentile. reveals a significant rise comorbidity-related adults, especially Hispanics, women rural residents. These findings underscore need targeted interventions reduce vulnerable populations.

Language: Английский

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Dementia prevalence within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia National Guard Health System (2015–2023): An exploratory epidemiological study

Journal of Alzheimer s Disease, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 17, 2025

Background Dementia is recognized as one of the prevalent neurocognitive disorders among older adults in Saudi Arabia, yet research efforts on its prevalence remains limited and fragmented, making it difficult to gain a full understanding epidemiology. Objective To explore dementia epidemiology associated data within population sector National Guard Health System (NGHS), Arabia. Methods This was multicenter study that utilized medical records from NGHS centers across country. We included all individuals aged 50 years who sought care between January 1, 2015, 2023. Results Nearly half study's participants were men (51.9%), with majority being diagnosed ages 70–79 (38.5%) 80–89 (31%). identified 3.37% participants. The most subtype late-onset Alzheimer's disease (35.6%), followed by unspecified (18.4%). Significant differences genders observed, particularly age at diagnosis (p = 0.003) ischemic strokes risk factor < 0.001). Conclusions In this utilizing cohort, emerged dementia. has potential influence clinical practices enhancing early identification management provides solid foundation for developing evidence-based policy strategies tackle increasing challenges

Language: Английский

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Do microglia metabolize fructose in Alzheimer’s disease?

Journal of Neuroinflammation, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 22(1)

Published: March 15, 2025

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated neurodegenerative disorder with a complex etiology. While emerging AD therapeutics can slow cognitive decline, they may worsen dementia in certain groups of individuals. Therefore, alternative treatments are much needed. Microglia, the brain resident macrophages, have potential to be novel therapeutic targets as regulate many facets AD, including lipid droplet (LD) accumulation, amyloid beta (Aβ) clearance, and neuroinflammation. To carry out such functions, microglia undergo phenotypic changes, which linked shifts metabolism substrate utilization. homeostatic driven by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) glycolysis, aging shift further towards glycolysis. Interestingly, this "metabolic reprogramming" increase fructose metabolism. In brain, predominantly express transporter SLC2A5 (GLUT5), enzymes involved fructolysis endogenous production, their expression being upregulated disease. Here, we review evidence for uptake, breakdown, production microglia. We also evaluate literature targeting periphery assess its ability modulate microglial function AD. The transport utilize fructose, coupled well-established role metabolic dysfunction, supports notion that target

Language: Английский

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Estimating prevalence of early Alzheimer's disease in the United States, accounting for racial and ethnic diversity

Alzheimer s & Dementia, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 19(5), P. 1841 - 1848

Published: Nov. 2, 2022

Updated estimates of the US Alzheimer's disease (AD) population, including under-represented populations, are needed to improve clinical trial diversity.A step-wise approach calculating prevalent numbers from syndrome biomarker-positive mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due AD and was developed, using age-and-race/ethnicity-stratified data where available.The estimated percentage Americans aged ≥ 65 years with MCI 9.2% non-Hispanic Whites, 13.6% Blacks, 11.1% Hispanics, 9.7% other race/ethnicities. The dementia among Whites 3.7%, Blacks 7.0%, Hispanics 5.3%, 3.9% Of these early-stage cases, few likely diagnosed, ranging 13% Black cases 27% White cases.Under-representation in trials may be improved by setting recruitment goals reflecting diversity patient population supporting efforts toward timely diagnosis.

Language: Английский

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Mitochondria and Oxidative Stress as a Link between Alzheimer’s Disease and Diabetes Mellitus

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(19), P. 14450 - 14450

Published: Sept. 22, 2023

This review is devoted to the problems of common features linking metabolic disorders and type 2 diabetes with development Alzheimer’s disease. The pathogenesis disease closely intersects mechanisms development, an important risk factor for both pathologies aging. Common pathological include factors in oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, insulin resistance, amyloidosis, as well impaired mitochondrial dysfunctions increasing cell death. currently available drugs treatment have limited therapeutic efficacy. It note that used treat disease, particular acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, show a positive potential diabetes, while can also prevent number characteristic A promising direction search strategy may be creation complex multi-target neuroprotective affect specific targets

Language: Английский

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Mulberry Leaf Compounds and Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer’s Disease and Diabetes: A Study Using Network Pharmacology, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, and Cellular Assays

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(7), P. 4062 - 4062

Published: April 5, 2024

Recently, studies have reported a correlation that individuals with diabetes show an increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Mulberry leaves, serving as both traditional medicinal herb and food source, exhibit significant hypoglycemic antioxidative properties. The flavonoid compounds in mulberry leaf offer therapeutic effects for relieving diabetic symptoms providing neuroprotection. However, the mechanisms this effect not been fully elucidated. This investigation aimed to investigate combined specific flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin, rhamnocitrin, tetramethoxyluteolin, norartocarpetin) on type 2 mellitus (T2DM) AD. Additionally, role gut microbiota these two diseases’ treatment was studied. Using network pharmacology, we investigated potential microbiota, combating AD T2DM. In addition, identified protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) key target kaempferol diseases. Molecular docking molecular dynamics simulations showed has inhibit PTP1B indirect AD, which proven by measuring IC50 (279.23 μM). cell experiment also confirmed dose-dependent phosphorylation total cellular HepG2 cells. research supports concept food–medicine homology broadens range medical treatments highlighting prospect integrating herbal remedies modern research.

Language: Английский

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Protein Oxidation in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Brain

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(5), P. 574 - 574

Published: May 7, 2024

Proteins are essential molecules that play crucial roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis and carrying out biological functions such as catalyzing biochemical reactions, structural proteins, immune response, etc. However, proteins also highly susceptible to damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS) nitrogen (RNS). In this review, we summarize the role of protein oxidation normal aging Alzheimer's disease (AD). The major emphasis review article is on carbonylation nitration AD mild cognitive impairment (MCI). oxidatively modified showed a strong correlation with reported changes brain structure, carbohydrate metabolism, synaptic transmission, energetics, etc., both MCI brains compared controls. Some were found be common targets observed during early stages AD, suggesting those might critical onset symptoms and/or formation pathological hallmarks AD. Further studies required fully elucidate progression pathogenesis

Language: Английский

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Alzheimer’s disease-associated complement gene variants influence plasma complement protein levels

Journal of Neuroinflammation, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 20(1)

Published: July 21, 2023

Abstract Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been associated with immune dysregulation in biomarker and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). GWAS hits include the genes encoding complement regulators clusterin ( CLU ) receptor 1 CR1 ), recognised as key players AD pathology, proteins have proposed biomarkers. Main body To address whether changes plasma protein levels relate to AD-associated gene variants we first measured relevant (clusterin, C1q, C1s, CR1, factor H) a large cohort comprising early onset (EOAD; n = 912), late (LOAD; 492) control (n 504) donors. Clusterin C1q were significantly increased (p < 0.001) sCR1 H reduced 0.01) versus controls. ROC analyses performed assess utility of biomarkers, alone or combination amyloid beta, predicting AD. was most predictive single (AUC 0.655 LOAD, 0.601 EOAD); combining other neurodegeneration makers through stepAIC-informed models improved values slightly. Effects GWS SNPs (rs6656401, rs6691117 ; rs11136000, rs9331888 rs3919533 C1S on concentrations assessed by comparing carriers minor vs major allele. identify new associations between levels, genotyping data endophenotype. (rs6656401), (rs3919533) CFH (rs6664877) reached significance influenced corresponding protein, whereas did not influence levels. Conclusion Complement is evident may contribute pathology. , impact encoded proteins, suggesting mechanism for risk.

Language: Английский

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A Brief History of the Progress in Our Understanding of Genetics and Lifestyle, Especially Diet, in the Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease

Journal of Alzheimer s Disease, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 100(s1), P. S165 - S178

Published: Aug. 6, 2024

The two major determining factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are genetics and lifestyle. Alleles of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene play important roles in development late-onset AD, with APOEɛ4 increasing risk, APOEɛ3 being neutral, APOEɛ2 reducing risk. Several modifiable lifestyle have been studied terms how they can modify risk AD. Among these dietary pattern, nutritional supplements such as omega-3 fatty acids, B vitamins, physical exercise, obesity, vitamin D. Western diet increases while patterns Mediterranean vegetarian/vegan diets reduce Foods associated reduced include coffee, fruits vegetables, whole grains legumes, fish, meat ultraprocessed foods increased especially when lead to obesity. In multi-country ecological studies, amount national has highest correlation history research regarding on AD is emphasized this review. be modified starting at least by mid-life. People greater genetic would benefit more choosing and/or delay incidence

Language: Английский

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Developing Non-Invasive Molecular Markers for Early Risk Assessment of Alzheimer's Disease

Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 100120 - 100120

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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