Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
173, P. 116329 - 116329
Published: Feb. 23, 2024
Benzodiazepines
have
been
long-established
treatments
for
various
conditions,
including
anxiety
disorders
and
insomnia.
Recent
FDA
warnings
emphasize
the
risks
of
misuse
dependence
associated
with
benzodiazepines.
This
article
highlights
their
benefits
potential
drawbacks
from
perspectives.
It
achieves
this
by
explaining
how
benzodiazepines
work
in
terms
neuroendocrinology,
immunomodulation,
sleep,
anxiety,
cognition,
addiction,
ultimately
improving
clinical
effectiveness.
play
a
regulatory
role
HPA
axis
impact
systems,
neuropeptide
Y
cholecystokinin.
can
facilitate
sleep-dependent
memory
consolidation
promoting
spindle
wave
activity,
but
they
also
lead
to
deficits
older
individuals
due
reduced
slow-wave
sleep.
The
cognitive
effects
chronic
use
remain
uncertain;
however,
no
adverse
findings
reported
imaging
studies.
aims
comprehensively
review
evidence
on
therapy,
emphasizing
need
more
studies,
especially
regarding
long-term
use.
Frontiers in Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
14
Published: May 11, 2023
In
a
subset
of
patients,
chronic
exposure
to
stress
is
an
etiological
risk
factor
for
neuroinflammation
and
depression.
Neuroinflammation
affects
up
27%
patients
with
MDD
associated
more
severe,
chronic,
treatment-resistant
trajectory.
Inflammation
not
unique
depression
has
transdiagnostic
effects
suggesting
shared
underlying
psychopathologies
metabolic
disorders.
Research
supports
association
but
necessarily
causation
Putative
mechanisms
link
dysregulation
the
HPA
axis
immune
cell
glucocorticoid
resistance
resulting
in
hyperactivation
peripheral
system.
The
extracellular
release
DAMPs
DAMP-PRR
signaling
creates
feed
forward
loop
that
accelerates
central
inflammation.
Higher
plasma
levels
inflammatory
cytokines,
most
consistently
interleukin
IL-1β,
IL-6,
TNF-α,
are
correlated
greater
depressive
symptomatology.
Cytokines
sensitize
axis,
disrupt
negative
feedback
loop,
further
propagate
reactions.
Peripheral
inflammation
exacerbates
(neuroinflammation)
through
several
including
disruption
blood-brain
barrier,
cellular
trafficking,
activation
glial
cells.
Activated
cells
chemokines,
reactive
oxygen
nitrogen
species
into
extra-synaptic
space
dysregulating
neurotransmitter
systems,
imbalancing
excitatory
inhibitory
ratio,
disrupting
neural
circuitry
plasticity
adaptation.
particular,
microglial
toxicity
plays
role
pathophysiology
neuroinflammation.
Magnetic
resonance
imaging
(MRI)
studies
show
reduced
hippocampal
volumes.
Neural
dysfunction
such
as
hypoactivation
between
ventral
striatum
ventromedial
prefrontal
cortex
underlies
melancholic
phenotype
Chronic
administration
monoamine-based
antidepressants
counters
response,
delayed
therapeutic
onset.
Therapeutics
targeting
mediated
immunity,
generalized
specific
pathways,
nitro-oxidative
have
enormous
potential
advance
treatment
landscape.
Future
clinical
trials
will
need
include
system
perturbations
biomarker
outcome
measures
facilitate
novel
antidepressant
development.
this
overview,
we
explore
correlates
elucidate
pathomechanisms
development
biomarkers
therapeutics.
Frontiers in Endocrinology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
14
Published: March 6, 2023
Stress
is
viewed
as
a
state
of
real
or
perceived
threat
to
homeostasis,
the
management
which
involves
endocrine,
nervous,
and
immune
systems.
These
systems
work
independently
interactively
part
stress
response.
The
scientific
literature,
spans
both
animal
human
studies,
contains
heterogeneous
findings
about
effects
on
brain
body.
This
review
seeks
summarise
integrate
literature
relationships
between
these
systems,
examining
particularly
roles
physiological
psychosocial
stress,
hormone
cortisol,
controlled
by
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
(HPA)
axis,
cognitive
functioning.
Health
conditions
related
impaired
HPA
axis
functioning
their
associated
neuropsychiatric
symptoms
will
also
be
considered.
Lastly,
this
provide
suggestions
clinical
applicability
for
endocrinologists
who
are
uniquely
placed
measure
outcomes
nervous
system
identify
areas
intervention.
Nutrients,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
14(7), P. 1497 - 1497
Published: April 2, 2022
Currently,
due
to
the
large
number
of
reports
regarding
harmfulness
food
additives,
more
and
consumers
follow
so-called
“clean
label”
trend,
i.e.,
prefer
choose
least-processed
products.
One
compounds
known
as
a
preservative
with
high
safety
profile
is
sodium
benzoate.
While
some
studies
show
that
it
can
be
used
treat
conditions
such
depression,
pain,
schizophrenia,
autism
spectrum
disorders,
neurodegenerative
diseases,
others
report
its
harmfulness.
For
example,
was
found
cause
mutagenic
effects,
generate
oxidative
stress,
disrupt
hormones,
reduce
fertility.
Due
disparate
results,
purpose
this
study
comprehensively
discuss
benzoate
potential
use
in
especially
disorder
(ASD),
major
depressive
(MDD),
pain
relief.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
24(5), P. 4772 - 4772
Published: March 1, 2023
Depression
is
a
mental
health
disorder
that
develops
as
result
of
complex
psycho-neuro-immuno-endocrinological
disturbances.
This
disease
presents
with
mood
disturbances,
persistent
sadness,
loss
interest
and
impaired
cognition,
which
causes
distress
to
the
patient
significantly
affects
ability
function
have
satisfying
family,
social
professional
life.
requires
comprehensive
management,
including
pharmacological
treatment.
Because
pharmacotherapy
depression
long-term
process
associated
risk
numerous
adverse
drug
effects,
much
attention
paid
alternative
therapy
methods,
phytopharmacotherapy,
especially
in
treating
mild
or
moderate
depression.
Preclinical
studies
previous
clinical
confirm
antidepressant
activity
active
compounds
plants,
such
St.
John’s
wort,
saffron
crocus,
lemon
balm
lavender,
less
known
European
ethnopharmacology,
roseroot,
ginkgo,
Korean
ginseng,
borage,
brahmi,
mimosa
tree
magnolia
bark.
The
these
plants
exert
antidepressive
effects
similar
mechanisms
those
found
synthetic
antidepressants.
description
phytopharmacodynamics
includes
inhibiting
monoamine
reuptake
oxidase
complex,
agonistic
antagonistic
on
multiple
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
receptors.
Moreover,
it
noteworthy
anti-inflammatory
effect
also
important
mentioned
above
light
hypothesis
immunological
disorders
CNS
are
significant
pathogenetic
factor
narrative
review
results
from
traditional,
non-systematic
literature
review.
It
briefly
discusses
pathophysiology,
symptomatology
treatment
depression,
particular
focus
role
phytopharmacology
its
provides
action
revealed
experimental
ingredients
isolated
herbal
antidepressants
selected
confirming
their
effectiveness.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
24(3), P. 2258 - 2258
Published: Jan. 23, 2023
Depressive
disorders
can
affect
up
to
350
million
people
worldwide,
and
in
developed
countries,
the
percentage
of
patients
with
depressive
may
be
as
high
10%.
During
depression,
activation
pro-inflammatory
pathways,
mitochondrial
dysfunction,
increased
markers
oxidative
stress,
a
reduction
antioxidant
effectiveness
body
are
observed.
It
is
estimated
that
approximately
30%
depressed
do
not
respond
traditional
pharmacological
treatments.
However,
more
attention
being
paid
influence
active
ingredients
food
on
course
risk
neurological
disorders,
including
depression.
The
possibility
using
foods
containing
polyphenols
an
element
diet
therapy
depression
was
analyzed
review.
whether
consumption
products
such
could
alleviate
or
prevent
progression
it
also
considered.
Results
from
preclinical
studies
demonstrate
potential
phenolic
compounds
have
reduce
behaviors
by
regulating
factors
related
neuroinflammation,
modulation
intestinal
microbiota.
Nutrients,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
15(11), P. 2433 - 2433
Published: May 23, 2023
Depression
is
classified
as
one
of
the
most
common
mental
disorders.
Its
prevalence
has
recently
increased,
becoming
a
growing
public
health
threat.
This
review
focuses
on
clarifying
role
and
importance
individual
nutrients
in
diet
impact
nutrient
deficiencies
risk
depression.
Deficiencies
such
protein,
B
vitamins,
vitamin
D,
magnesium,
zinc,
selenium,
iron,
calcium,
omega-3
fatty
acids
have
significant
brain
nervous
system
function,
which
can
affect
appearance
depressive
symptoms.
However,
it
important
to
remember
that
itself
not
only
factor
influencing
or
helping
treat
There
are
many
other
aspects,
physical
activity,
sleep,
stress
management,
social
support,
also
play
an
maintaining
health.
The
data
observed
available
analyses
based
cross-sectional
studies.
Further
studies,
including
prospective
cohort,
case-control
recommended
draw
more
reliable
conclusions.
Medicine,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
103(5), P. e37114 - e37114
Published: Feb. 2, 2024
The
gastrointestinal
tract
is
embedded
with
microorganisms
of
numerous
genera,
referred
to
as
gut
microbiota.
Gut
microbiota
has
multiple
effects
on
many
body
organs,
including
the
brain.
There
a
bidirectional
connection
between
and
brain
called
gut-brain-axis,
these
connections
are
formed
through
immunological,
neuronal,
neuroendocrine
pathways.
In
addition,
modulates
synthesis
functioning
neurotransmitters.
Therefore,
disruption
in
composition
or
function,
which
known
dysbiosis,
associated
pathogenesis
mental
disorders,
such
schizophrenia,
depression,
other
psychiatric
disorders.
This
review
aims
summarize
modulation
role
4
prominent
neurotransmitters
(tryptophan
serotonergic
system,
dopamine,
gamma-aminobutyric
acid,
glutamate),
well
its
association
disorders
(schizophrenia,
anxiety
autism
spectrum
disorder).
More
future
research
required
develop
efficient
gut-microbiota-based
therapies
for
illnesses.
Pharmacological Research,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
206, P. 107300 - 107300
Published: July 9, 2024
Depression
is
a
serious
global
mental
disorder.
Numerous
studies
have
found
that
depression
may
be
closely
related
to
decreased
neurogenesis,
neuroinflammation,
neurotransmitter
imbalance,
and
synaptic
plasticity
dysfunction.
The
pathogenesis
of
complex
involves
multiple
signal
transduction
pathways
molecular
changes.
PI3K/AKT
pathway
an
essential
signaling
in
neurons,
which
widely
expressed
emotion-related
regions
the
brain.
Therefore,
play
moderating
role
mood
disorders.
However,
mechanism
not
been
fully
described.
This
review
systematically
summarized
discussed
its
potential
treatment
depression.
will
help
development
antidepressants.
Scientific Reports,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
14(1)
Published: April 29, 2024
Abstract
There
is
a
certain
relationship
between
alexithymia
and
depression,
but
further
investigation
needed
to
explore
their
underlying
mechanisms.
The
aims
of
this
study
was
the
mediating
role
internet
addiction
depression
moderating
physical
activity.
A
total
594
valid
responses
were
included
in
analysis,
with
mean
age
18.72
years
(SD
=
1.09).
sample
comprised
250
males
(42.09%)
344
females
(57.91%).
These
utilized
for
descriptive
correlation
regression
development
mediation
moderation
models.
Alexithymia
showed
positive
correlations
addiction,
activity
negatively
correlated
depression.
Internet
partially
mediated
while
weakened
association
acting
as
moderator.
Our
findings
suggest
that
excessive
engagement
may
mediate
an
emotional
regulatory
coping
strategy,
attenuates
predictive
effect
on