Chronic stress, neuroinflammation, and depression: an overview of pathophysiological mechanisms and emerging anti-inflammatories

Frontiers in Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: May 11, 2023

In a subset of patients, chronic exposure to stress is an etiological risk factor for neuroinflammation and depression. Neuroinflammation affects up 27% patients with MDD associated more severe, chronic, treatment-resistant trajectory. Inflammation not unique depression has transdiagnostic effects suggesting shared underlying psychopathologies metabolic disorders. Research supports association but necessarily causation Putative mechanisms link dysregulation the HPA axis immune cell glucocorticoid resistance resulting in hyperactivation peripheral system. The extracellular release DAMPs DAMP-PRR signaling creates feed forward loop that accelerates central inflammation. Higher plasma levels inflammatory cytokines, most consistently interleukin IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, are correlated greater depressive symptomatology. Cytokines sensitize axis, disrupt negative feedback loop, further propagate reactions. Peripheral inflammation exacerbates (neuroinflammation) through several including disruption blood-brain barrier, cellular trafficking, activation glial cells. Activated cells chemokines, reactive oxygen nitrogen species into extra-synaptic space dysregulating neurotransmitter systems, imbalancing excitatory inhibitory ratio, disrupting neural circuitry plasticity adaptation. particular, microglial toxicity plays role pathophysiology neuroinflammation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies show reduced hippocampal volumes. Neural dysfunction such as hypoactivation between ventral striatum ventromedial prefrontal cortex underlies melancholic phenotype Chronic administration monoamine-based antidepressants counters response, delayed therapeutic onset. Therapeutics targeting mediated immunity, generalized specific pathways, nitro-oxidative have enormous potential advance treatment landscape. Future clinical trials will need include system perturbations biomarker outcome measures facilitate novel antidepressant development. this overview, we explore correlates elucidate pathomechanisms development biomarkers therapeutics.

Language: Английский

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Understanding the relationships between physiological and psychosocial stress, cortisol and cognition

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: March 6, 2023

Stress is viewed as a state of real or perceived threat to homeostasis, the management which involves endocrine, nervous, and immune systems. These systems work independently interactively part stress response. The scientific literature, spans both animal human studies, contains heterogeneous findings about effects on brain body. This review seeks summarise integrate literature relationships between these systems, examining particularly roles physiological psychosocial stress, hormone cortisol, controlled by hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, cognitive functioning. Health conditions related impaired HPA axis functioning their associated neuropsychiatric symptoms will also be considered. Lastly, this provide suggestions clinical applicability for endocrinologists who are uniquely placed measure outcomes nervous system identify areas intervention.

Language: Английский

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Bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis identifies causal associations between relative carbohydrate intake and depression

Nature Human Behaviour, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 6(11), P. 1569 - 1576

Published: July 18, 2022

Language: Английский

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Sodium Benzoate—Harmfulness and Potential Use in Therapies for Disorders Related to the Nervous System: A Review

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(7), P. 1497 - 1497

Published: April 2, 2022

Currently, due to the large number of reports regarding harmfulness food additives, more and consumers follow so-called “clean label” trend, i.e., prefer choose least-processed products. One compounds known as a preservative with high safety profile is sodium benzoate. While some studies show that it can be used treat conditions such depression, pain, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, others report its harmfulness. For example, was found cause mutagenic effects, generate oxidative stress, disrupt hormones, reduce fertility. Due disparate results, purpose this study comprehensively discuss benzoate potential use in especially disorder (ASD), major depressive (MDD), pain relief.

Language: Английский

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Depression and Its Phytopharmacotherapy—A Narrative Review

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(5), P. 4772 - 4772

Published: March 1, 2023

Depression is a mental health disorder that develops as result of complex psycho-neuro-immuno-endocrinological disturbances. This disease presents with mood disturbances, persistent sadness, loss interest and impaired cognition, which causes distress to the patient significantly affects ability function have satisfying family, social professional life. requires comprehensive management, including pharmacological treatment. Because pharmacotherapy depression long-term process associated risk numerous adverse drug effects, much attention paid alternative therapy methods, phytopharmacotherapy, especially in treating mild or moderate depression. Preclinical studies previous clinical confirm antidepressant activity active compounds plants, such St. John’s wort, saffron crocus, lemon balm lavender, less known European ethnopharmacology, roseroot, ginkgo, Korean ginseng, borage, brahmi, mimosa tree magnolia bark. The these plants exert antidepressive effects similar mechanisms those found synthetic antidepressants. description phytopharmacodynamics includes inhibiting monoamine reuptake oxidase complex, agonistic antagonistic on multiple central nervous system (CNS) receptors. Moreover, it noteworthy anti-inflammatory effect also important mentioned above light hypothesis immunological disorders CNS are significant pathogenetic factor narrative review results from traditional, non-systematic literature review. It briefly discusses pathophysiology, symptomatology treatment depression, particular focus role phytopharmacology its provides action revealed experimental ingredients isolated herbal antidepressants selected confirming their effectiveness.

Language: Английский

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Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Neuroprotective Effects of Polyphenols—Polyphenols as an Element of Diet Therapy in Depressive Disorders

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(3), P. 2258 - 2258

Published: Jan. 23, 2023

Depressive disorders can affect up to 350 million people worldwide, and in developed countries, the percentage of patients with depressive may be as high 10%. During depression, activation pro-inflammatory pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction, increased markers oxidative stress, a reduction antioxidant effectiveness body are observed. It is estimated that approximately 30% depressed do not respond traditional pharmacological treatments. However, more attention being paid influence active ingredients food on course risk neurological disorders, including depression. The possibility using foods containing polyphenols an element diet therapy depression was analyzed review. whether consumption products such could alleviate or prevent progression it also considered. Results from preclinical studies demonstrate potential phenolic compounds have reduce behaviors by regulating factors related neuroinflammation, modulation intestinal microbiota.

Language: Английский

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Dietary Nutrient Deficiencies and Risk of Depression (Review Article 2018–2023)

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(11), P. 2433 - 2433

Published: May 23, 2023

Depression is classified as one of the most common mental disorders. Its prevalence has recently increased, becoming a growing public health threat. This review focuses on clarifying role and importance individual nutrients in diet impact nutrient deficiencies risk depression. Deficiencies such protein, B vitamins, vitamin D, magnesium, zinc, selenium, iron, calcium, omega-3 fatty acids have significant brain nervous system function, which can affect appearance depressive symptoms. However, it important to remember that itself not only factor influencing or helping treat There are many other aspects, physical activity, sleep, stress management, social support, also play an maintaining health. The data observed available analyses based cross-sectional studies. Further studies, including prospective cohort, case-control recommended draw more reliable conclusions.

Language: Английский

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The correlation between gut microbiota and both neurotransmitters and mental disorders: A narrative review

Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 103(5), P. e37114 - e37114

Published: Feb. 2, 2024

The gastrointestinal tract is embedded with microorganisms of numerous genera, referred to as gut microbiota. Gut microbiota has multiple effects on many body organs, including the brain. There a bidirectional connection between and brain called gut-brain-axis, these connections are formed through immunological, neuronal, neuroendocrine pathways. In addition, modulates synthesis functioning neurotransmitters. Therefore, disruption in composition or function, which known dysbiosis, associated pathogenesis mental disorders, such schizophrenia, depression, other psychiatric disorders. This review aims summarize modulation role 4 prominent neurotransmitters (tryptophan serotonergic system, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate), well its association disorders (schizophrenia, anxiety autism spectrum disorder). More future research required develop efficient gut-microbiota-based therapies for illnesses.

Language: Английский

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PI3K/AKT signaling pathway: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential in depression

Pharmacological Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 206, P. 107300 - 107300

Published: July 9, 2024

Depression is a serious global mental disorder. Numerous studies have found that depression may be closely related to decreased neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter imbalance, and synaptic plasticity dysfunction. The pathogenesis of complex involves multiple signal transduction pathways molecular changes. PI3K/AKT pathway an essential signaling in neurons, which widely expressed emotion-related regions the brain. Therefore, play moderating role mood disorders. However, mechanism not been fully described. This review systematically summarized discussed its potential treatment depression. will help development antidepressants.

Language: Английский

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The mediating effect of internet addiction and the moderating effect of physical activity on the relationship between alexithymia and depression

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: April 29, 2024

Abstract There is a certain relationship between alexithymia and depression, but further investigation needed to explore their underlying mechanisms. The aims of this study was the mediating role internet addiction depression moderating physical activity. A total 594 valid responses were included in analysis, with mean age 18.72 years (SD = 1.09). sample comprised 250 males (42.09%) 344 females (57.91%). These utilized for descriptive correlation regression development mediation moderation models. Alexithymia showed positive correlations addiction, activity negatively correlated depression. Internet partially mediated while weakened association acting as moderator. Our findings suggest that excessive engagement may mediate an emotional regulatory coping strategy, attenuates predictive effect on

Language: Английский

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