iScience,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
25(8), P. 104833 - 104833
Published: Aug. 1, 2022
Patients
with
SARS-CoV-2
infection
(COVID-19)
risk
developing
long-term
neurologic
symptoms
after
infection.
Here,
we
identify
biomarkers
associated
sequelae
one
year
hospitalization
for
SARS-CoV-2-positive
patients
were
followed
using
post-SARS-CoV-2
online
questionnaires
and
virtual
visits.
Hospitalized
adults
from
the
pre-SARS-CoV-2
era
served
as
historical
controls.
40%
of
hospitalized
develop
neurological
in
recovery
acute
COVID-19
Age,
disease
severity,
itself
was
additional
our
cohorts.
Glial
fibrillary
astrocytic
protein
(GFAP)
neurofilament
light
chain
(NF-L)
significantly
elevated
After
adjusting
age,
sex,
GFAP
NF-L
remained
longer
term
warrant
exploration
complications
Molecular Neurobiology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
59(7), P. 4141 - 4158
Published: April 30, 2022
Abstract
Research
into
TBI
biomarkers
has
accelerated
rapidly
in
the
past
decade
owing
to
heterogeneous
nature
of
pathologies
and
management,
which
pose
challenges
evaluation,
prognosis.
biomarker
proteins
resulting
from
axonal,
neuronal,
or
glial
cell
injuries
are
widely
used
have
been
extensively
studied.
However,
they
might
not
pass
blood-brain
barrier
with
sufficient
amounts
be
detected
peripheral
blood
specimens,
further
detectable
cerebrospinal
fluid
flow
limitations
triggered
by
injury
itself.
Despite
advances
research,
there
is
an
unmet
clinical
need
develop
identify
novel
that
entirely
correlate
on
molecular
level,
including
mild
TBI,
enable
physicians
predict
patient
outcomes
allow
researchers
test
neuroprotective
agents
limit
extents
injury.
Although
extracellular
vesicles
identified
studied
long
ago,
recently
revisited
repurposed
as
potential
overcome
many
traditional
CSF
assays.
Animal
human
experiments
demonstrated
accuracy
several
types
exosomes
miRNAs
detecting
mild,
moderate,
severe
TBI.
In
this
paper,
we
provide
a
comprehensive
review
helpful
practice.
Also,
highlight
emerging
roles
miRNA
being
promising
candidates
under
investigation
current
research.
Frontiers in Neurology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
11
Published: July 16, 2020
Traumatic
brain
injury
(TBI)
is
a
heterogeneous
condition,
associated
with
diverse
etiologies,
clinical
presentations
and
degrees
of
severity,
may
result
in
chronic
neurobehavioral
sequelae.
The
field
TBI
biomarkers
rapidly
evolving
to
address
the
many
facets
pathology
improve
its
management.
Recent
years
have
witnessed
marked
increase
number
publications
interest
role
extracellular
vesicles
(EVs),
which
include
exosomes,
cell
signaling,
immune
responses,
as
pathologies.
Exosomes
well-defined
lipid
bilayer
surface
markers
that
reflect
origin
an
aqueous
core
contains
variety
biological
material
including
proteins
(e.g.,
cytokines
growth
factors)
nucleic
acids
microRNAs).
presence
neurodegenerative
changes
such
amyloid-β,
α-synuclein
phosphorylated
tau
exosomes
suggests
initiation
propagation
neurological
diseases.
However,
mechanisms
communication
involving
their
are
poorly
understood.
promising
they
can
cross
blood-brain
barrier
be
isolated
from
peripheral
fluids,
serum,
saliva,
sweat,
urine.
Exosomal
content
protected
enzymatic
degradation
by
exosome
membranes
reflects
internal
environment
origin,
offering
insights
into
tissue-specific
pathological
processes.
Challenges
use
exosomal
cargo
difficulty
isolating
pure
variable
yields
isolation
processes,
quantification
vesicles,
lack
specificity
markers.
Moreover,
there
no
consensus
regarding
nomenclature
characteristics
EV
subtypes.
In
this
review,
we
discuss
current
technical
limitations
challenges
using
other
EVs
blood-based
biomarkers,
highlighting
potential
diagnostic
prognostic
tools
TBI.
Non-coding RNA Research,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
7(1), P. 7 - 15
Published: Jan. 14, 2022
The
field
of
extracellular
vesicles
has
been
rapidly
developing
after
it
became
evident
that
a
defined
subset
vesicles,
called
exosomes,
can
modulate
several
biological
functions
in
distant
cells
and
tissues.
Exosomes
range
size
from
40
to
160
nm
diameter,
are
released
by
majority
our
body,
carry
molecules
which
reflect
the
cell
origin.
types
biomolecules
packed,
their
respective
purpose,
impact
on
physiological
state
distinct
tissues
should
be
understood
advance
using
exosomes
as
biomarkers
health
disease.
Many
such
effects
linked
exosomal
RNA
include
both
coding
non-coding
RNAs.
role(s)
various
RNAs
have
started
being
recognized
sequencing
methods
widely
available
led
discovery
variety
roles
regulating
many
processes
beginning
unraveled.
In
present
review,
we
outline
discuss
recent
progress
elucidation
driven
relevance
for
major
conditions
including
disorders
central
nervous
system,
cardiovascular
metabolism,
cancer,
immune
system.
Furthermore,
also
potential
use
valuable
therapeutics
tissue
regeneration
resulting
excessive
inflammation.
While
exosome
research
is
still
its
infancy,
in-depth
understanding
formation,
effects,
specific
cell-targeting
will
uncover
how
they
used
disease
therapeutics.
Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
24(1-2), P. 67 - 77
Published: Jan. 26, 2024
Major
organ-based
in
vitro
diagnostic
(IVD)
tests
like
ALT/AST
for
the
liver
and
cardiac
troponins
heart
are
established,
but
an
approved
IVD
blood
test
brain
has
been
missing,
highlighting
a
gap
medical
diagnostics.
Molecular Therapy,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
29(6), P. 1946 - 1957
Published: April 23, 2021
Extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
are
bilayer
membrane
and
act
as
key
messengers
in
intercellular
communication.
EVs
can
be
secreted
by
both
neurons
glial
cells
the
central
nervous
system
(CNS).
Under
physiological
conditions,
contribute
to
CNS
homeostasis
facilitating
omnidirectional
communication
among
cell
populations.
In
response
injury,
mediate
neuroinflammatory
responses
regulate
tissue
damage
repair,
thereby
influencing
pathogenesis,
development,
and/or
recovery
of
diseases,
including
autoimmune
neurodegenerative
stroke,
traumatic
infectious
diseases.
The
unique
ability
pass
through
blood-brain
barrier
further
confers
them
an
important
role
bidirectional
between
periphery,
application
enables
diagnosis,
prognosis,
therapy
diseases
a
minimally
invasive
manner.
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
16
Published: June 22, 2022
Exosomes
derived
from
glial
cells
such
as
astrocytes,
microglia,
and
oligodendrocytes
can
modulate
cell
communication
in
the
brain
exert
protective
or
neurotoxic
effects
on
neurons,
depending
environmental
context
upon
their
release.
Their
isolation,
characterization,
analysis
under
different
conditions
vitro
,
animal
models
samples
patients
has
allowed
to
define
participation
of
other
molecular
mechanisms
behind
neuroinflammation
neurodegeneration
spreading,
propose
use
a
potential
diagnostic
tool.
Moreover,
discovery
specific
cargos,
cytokines,
membrane-bound
soluble
proteins
(neurotrophic
factors,
growth
misfolded
proteins),
miRNA
long-non-coding
RNA,
that
are
enriched
glial-derived
exosomes
with
neuroprotective
damaging
effects,
inhibitors
now
be
tested
therapeutic
tools.
In
this
review
we
summarize
state
art
how
secretion
by
glia
affect
neurons
central
nervous
system
neuroinflammation,
but
also,
stress
stimuli
pathological
change
levels
exosome
properties.
iScience,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
27(2), P. 108932 - 108932
Published: Jan. 21, 2024
This
study
investigates
the
potential
use
of
circulating
extracellular
vesicles'
(EVs)
DNA
and
protein
content
as
biomarkers
for
traumatic
brain
injury
(TBI)
in
a
mouse
model.
Despite
an
overall
decrease
EVs
count
during
acute
phase,
there
was
increased
presence
exosomes
(CD63
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(13), P. 7371 - 7371
Published: July 5, 2024
It
has
been
widely
established
that
the
characterization
of
extracellular
vesicles
(EVs),
particularly
small
EVs
(sEVs),
shed
by
different
cell
types
into
biofluids,
helps
to
identify
biomarkers
and
therapeutic
targets
in
neurological
neurodegenerative
diseases.
Recent
studies
are
also
exploring
efficacy
mesenchymal
stem
cell-derived
naturally
enriched
with
microRNAs
proteins
for
treating
various
In
addition,
released
neural
cells
play
a
crucial
function
modulation
signal
transmission
brain
physiological
conditions.
However,
pathological
conditions,
such
can
facilitate
spread
from
one
region
other.
On
other
hand,
analysis
biofluids
sensitive
diagnosis,
prognosis,
disease
progression.
This
review
discusses
potential
use
several
central
nervous
system
lists
their
differences
similarities
confers
as
biomarkers.
Further
advances
EV
research
coming
years
will
likely
lead
routine
settings.
