C-Reactive Protein: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, False Test Results and a Novel Diagnostic Algorithm for Clinicians

Diseases, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(4), P. 132 - 132

Published: Sept. 28, 2023

The current literature provides a body of evidence on C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and its potential role in inflammation. However, most pieces are sparse controversial. This critical state-of-the-art monography all the crucial data biochemical properties protein, along with further pathobiology, both for pentameric monomeric forms, including information ligands as well possible function autoantibodies against protein. Furthermore, utility biomarker various diseases is presented, cardiovascular, respiratory, hepatobiliary, gastrointestinal, pancreatic, renal, gynecological, andrological, dental, oral, otorhinolaryngological, ophthalmological, dermatological, musculoskeletal, neurological, mental, splenic, thyroid conditions, infections, autoimmune-supposed conditions neoplasms, other factors that have been linked elevated concentrations Moreover, molecular diagnostics CRP discussed, etiologies false test results highlighted. Additionally, this review evaluates systemic inflammation, highlights future goals. Finally, novel diagnostic algorithm to carefully assess level precise diagnosis medical condition illustrated.

Language: Английский

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SARS-CoV-2—The Role of Natural Immunity: A Narrative Review

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(21), P. 6272 - 6272

Published: Oct. 25, 2022

Both natural immunity and vaccine-induced to COVID-19 may be useful reduce the mortality/morbidity of this disease, but still a lot controversy exists.This narrative review analyzes literature regarding these two immunitary processes more specifically: (a) duration immunity; (b) cellular (c) cross-reactivity; (d) post-vaccination immune protection; (e) probability reinfection its clinical manifestations in recovered patients; (f) comparisons between vaccinated unvaccinated as possible reinfections; (g) role hybrid (h) effectiveness against Omicron variant; (i) comparative incidence adverse effects after vaccination individuals vs. COVID-19-naïve subjects.through multiple search engines we investigated related aims review, published since April 2020 through July 2022, including also previous articles pertinent topics.nearly 900 studies were collected, 246 included. It was highlighted that vast majority suffering from develop both cell-mediated humoral type, which is effective over time provides protection serious illness. Vaccine-induced shown decay faster than immunity. In general, severity symptoms significantly lower primary infection, with degree hospitalizations (0.06%) an extremely low mortality.this extensive number valuable induced by COVID-19, seems comparable or superior one anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Consequently, COVID-19-recovered subjects not indicated. Further research needed order to: measure durability time; evaluate impacts BA.5 on healed

Language: Английский

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The Dual Role of the Innate Immune System in the Effectiveness of mRNA Therapeutics

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(19), P. 14820 - 14820

Published: Oct. 1, 2023

Advances in molecular biology have revolutionized the use of messenger RNA (mRNA) as a therapeutic. The concept nucleic acid therapy with mRNA originated 1990 when Wolff et al. reported successful expression proteins target organs by direct injection either plasmid DNA or mRNA. It took decades to bring transfection efficiency closer that DNA. next few were dedicated turning vitro-transcribed (IVT) from promising delivery tool for gene into full-blown therapeutic modality, which changed biotech market rapidly. Hundreds clinical trials are currently underway using prophylaxis and infectious diseases cancers, regenerative medicine, genome editing. potential IVT induce an innate immune response favors its vaccination immunotherapy. Nonetheless, non-immunotherapy applications, intrinsic immunostimulatory activity directly hinders desired effect since it can seriously impair protein expression. Targeting same factors increase effectiveness therapeutics some indications decrease others, vice versa. review aims present immunity-related ‘barriers’ ‘springboards’ may affect development immunotherapies applications medicines.

Language: Английский

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Can COVID-19 Vaccines Induce Premature Non-Communicable Diseases: Where Are We Heading to?

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(2), P. 208 - 208

Published: Jan. 17, 2023

According to the WHO, as of January 2023, more than 850 million cases and over 6.6 deaths from COVID-19 have been reported worldwide. Currently, death rate has reduced due decreased pathogenicity new SARS-CoV-2 variants, but major factor in rates is administration 12.8 billion vaccine doses globally. While vaccines are saving lives, serious side effects after vaccinations for several premature non-communicable diseases (NCDs). However, adverse events low number. The scientific community must investigate entire spectrum COVID-19-vaccine-induced complications so that necessary safety measures can be taken, current re-engineered avoid or minimize their effects. We describe depth severe metabolic, mental, neurological disorders; cardiovascular, renal, autoimmune diseases, reproductive health issues detected whether these causal incidental. In any case, it become clear benefits outweigh risks by a large margin. pre-existing conditions vaccinated individuals need taken into account prevention treatment events.

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 in patients with anemia and haematological malignancies: risk factors, clinical guidelines, and emerging therapeutic approaches

Cell Communication and Signaling, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 22(1)

Published: Feb. 15, 2024

Abstract Extensive research in countries with high sociodemographic indices (SDIs) to date has shown that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may be directly associated more severe outcomes among patients living haematological disorders and malignancies (HDMs). Because individuals moderate immunodeficiency are likely undergo persistent infections, shed virus particles for prolonged periods, lack an inflammatory or abortive phase, this represents overall risk of morbidity mortality from COVID-19. In cases suffering HDMs, further investigation is needed achieve a better understanding triviruses group related variants anemia as well their treatment through vaccines, drugs, other methods. Against background, the present study aimed delineate relationship between HDMs novel COVID-19, acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Besides, effective options HDM were explored address epidemic its variants. Therefore, learning about how COVID-19 manifests these patients, along exploiting most appropriate treatments, lead development care strategies by clinicians researchers help recover faster.

Language: Английский

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Lipid Nanoparticles Elicit Reactogenicity and Sickness Behavior in Mice Via Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Myeloid Differentiation Protein 88 Axis

ACS Nano, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 18(36), P. 24842 - 24859

Published: Aug. 26, 2024

mRNA therapeutics encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) offer promising avenues for treating various diseases. While vaccines anticipate immunogenicity, the associated reactogenicity of mRNA-loaded LNPs poses significant challenges, especially protein replacement therapies requiring multiple administrations, leading to adverse effects and suboptimal therapeutic outcomes. Historically, research has primarily focused on cargo, leaving role understudied this context. Adjuvanticity pro-inflammatory characteristics LNPs, originating at least part from ionizable lipids, may induce inflammation, activate toll-like receptors (TLRs), impact translation. Knowledge gaps remain understanding LNP-induced TLR activation its induction animal sickness behavior. We hypothesized that lipids structurally resembling A lipopolysaccharide, could TLR4 signaling via MyD88 TRIF adaptors, thereby propagating LNP-associated reactogenicity. Our comprehensive investigation utilizing gene ablation studies pharmacological receptor manipulation proves by triggers distinct physiologically meaningful responses mice. show are essential reactogenic signal initiation, expression, physiological outcomes like food intake body weight─robust metrics behavior The application inhibitor TAK-242 effectively reduces with mitigating TLR4-driven inflammatory responses. findings elucidate critical TLR4-MyD88 axis reactogenicity, providing a mechanistic framework developing safer offering strategy mitigate through targeted inhibition pathway.

Language: Английский

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An inoculation site-retained mRNA vaccine induces robust immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants

Journal of Controlled Release, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 366, P. 479 - 493

Published: Jan. 10, 2024

Language: Английский

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Vaccination reduces viral load and accelerates viral clearance in SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant-infected patients

Annals of Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 55(1), P. 419 - 427

Published: March 2, 2023

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate vaccine effectiveness in relieving symptoms patients with the SARS-CoV-2 delta (B.1.617.2) variant.Methods In retrospective study, 31 did not receive any (non-vaccination, NV), 21 received 1-dose inactivated (one-dose vaccination, OV), and 60 at least 2-dose (two-dose TV). baseline data, clinical outcomes vaccination information were collected analyzed.Results Patients OV group younger than those other two groups (p = 0.001), but there no significant difference data among three groups. TV showed higher IgG antibody levels cycle threshold values NV < 0.01), time peak viral load shorter (3.5 ± 2.3 d) (4.8 2.8 2.9 d, p 0.03). (18%) a recovery rate without drug therapy 0.001). Viral clearance hospital stay significantly differences these parameters between groups, 0.025). No severe complications occurred study.Conclusions Our results suggest that can reduce accelerate variant enhance protection afforded by antibodies vivo.Key MessagesIn our shows two-dose loads clearance, vivo; however, one-dose confer protective effectiveness.

Language: Английский

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The onset of de novo autoantibodies in healthcare workers after mRNA based anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: a single centre prospective follow-up study

Autoimmunity, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 56(1)

Published: June 28, 2023

Nowadays, data concerning the risk of autoimmune disease after SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) vaccination is controversial. The aim this single centre prospective follow-up study was to evaluate whether healthcare workers (HCWs) vaccinated with BNT162b2 mRNA and mRNA-1273 will show a development and/or persistence autoantibodies, focussing on detection antibodies against nuclear antigens (antinuclear antibodies, ANA). We enrolled 155 HCWs, however only 108 them received third dose were considered for further analysis. Blood samples collected before vaccine inoculation (T0), at 3 (T1) 12 months (T2) first dose. All analysed presence a) ANA using indirect Immunofluorescence [IIF] (dilutions 1:80, 1:160. 1:320 1:640), anti-smooth muscle (ASMA); b) anti-myeloperoxidase (anti-MPO), anti-proteinase (anti-PR3) anti-citrullinated peptide (aCCP) [FEIA]; c) anti-phospholipid (anticardiolipin [aCL], anti-beta-2- glycoprotein I [anti-ß-2GPI] (Chemiluminescence). Line-blot technology performed following kit: EUROLINE profile plus DFS70 (IgG). Our research suggests that based anti-SARSCoV-2 vaccines can induce production de novo in 22/77(28,57%) subjects percentage positivity seems be directly correlated number expositions: 6/77 (7,79%) 2 doses; 16/77 (20,78%) doses. Since it known hyperstimulation immune system could lead autoimmunity, these preliminary results seem sustain idea might an autoinflammatory mechanism eventually disorders. However, link between diseases needs investigated.

Language: Английский

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Post COVID-19 vaccination medium vessel vasculitis: a systematic review of case reports

Infection, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 52(4), P. 1207 - 1213

Published: March 14, 2024

Language: Английский

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