Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors

Viruses, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(1), P. 175 - 175

Published: Jan. 7, 2023

The clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease death. Understanding the risk factors is relevant both in setting at epidemiological level. Here, we provide an overview host, viral environmental that have been shown or (in some cases) hypothesized be associated with outcomes. considered detail include age frailty, genetic polymorphisms, biological sex (and pregnancy), co- superinfections, non-communicable comorbidities, immunological history, microbiota, lifestyle patient; variation infecting dose; socioeconomic factors; air pollution. For each category, compile (sometimes conflicting) evidence for association factor outcomes (including strength effect) outline possible action mechanisms. We also discuss complex interactions between various factors.

Language: Английский

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Changing Epidemiology of Respiratory Tract Infection during COVID-19 Pandemic

Antibiotics, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(3), P. 315 - 315

Published: Feb. 25, 2022

The outbreak of COVID-19 has significantly changed the epidemiology respiratory tract infection in several ways. implementation non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) including universal masking, hand hygiene, and social distancing not only resulted a decline reported SARS-CoV-2 cases but also contributed to non-COVID-19 infection-related hospital utilization. Moreover, it led decreased incidence previous commonly encountered pathogens, such as influenza Streptococcus pneumoniae. Although antimicrobial agents are essential for treating patients with co-infection, prescribing antibiotics was higher than estimated prevalence bacterial which indicated overuse or unnecessary antibiotic use during pandemic. Furthermore, inappropriate exposure may drive selection drug-resistant microorganisms, disruption control setting measures result spread multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). In conclusion, NPIs could be effective preventing changing microbiologic distribution pathogens; however, we should continue epidemiological surveillance establish updated information, stewardship programs appropriate antibiotic, prevention prevent MDROs

Language: Английский

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Prevalence of invasive yeast infections in a COVID-19 intensive care unit in northeastern Brazil

Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 58

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a global crisis, overwhelming hospitals and intensive care units (ICU) leading to an increase in nosocomial infections due prolonged hospitalization other risk factors. present study evaluated the prevalence of secondary fungal critically ill patients with COVID-19. This is retrospective, single-center conducted hospital northeastern Brazil, which 1,364 medical records admitted ICU during 2020 2021. A total 327 pathogenic yeasts were isolated from 132 (40.4%) respiratory, 70 (21.4%) blood, 124 (37.9%) urine, one (0.3%) surgical wound samples. Fungal diagnosed intermediate (5 12 days) or late (≥12 stage hospitalization. most frequent yeast was Candida albicans [126 (67.7%) 60 (42.6%)], followed by tropicalis [25 (13.4%) 39 (27.7%)]. parapsilosis isolates increased 5.7-fold 2021 [40 (28.4%)] compared [7 (3.8%)]. least frequently Nakaseomyces glabratus [4 (2.2%) 1 (0.7%)], Pichia kudriavzevii, only (1 (0.7%)). During period, decrease susceptibility antifungals observed: voriconazole reduced 100 77.2%, flucytosine 99.4 78.8%, micafungin 83.6%. changes frequency species causing indicate need for early adequate diagnosis minimize negative outcomes.

Language: Английский

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Infections and immunity: associations with obesity and related metabolic disorders

Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 57(1), P. 28 - 42

Published: Jan. 15, 2023

About one-fourth of the global population is either overweight or obese, both which increase risk insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases, and infections. In obesity, immune cells adipocytes produce an excess pro-inflammatory cytokines that may play a significant role in disease progression. recent coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, important pathological characteristics such as involvement renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, endothelial injury, cytokine release have been shown to be connected with obesity associated sequelae resistance/type 2 diabetes hypertension. This connection explain severity COVID-19 patients metabolic disorders. Many studies also reported association between type persistent viral Similarly, favors growth various microorganisms including protozoal pathogens well opportunistic bacteria fungi. Furthermore, factor for number prion-like diseases. There interesting relationship helminths diabetes; helminthiasis reduce state, but even neoplastic processes. Several documented altered circulating levels neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes likely modifies vaccine effectiveness. Timely monitoring inflammatory markers (e.g., C-reactive protein) energy homeostasis leptin) could helpful preventing many obesity-related

Language: Английский

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Post-COVID-19 Fungal Infection in the Aged Population

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(3), P. 555 - 555

Published: Feb. 27, 2023

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is currently a great cause of concern for the healthcare sector around globe. SARS-CoV-2 an RNA virus that causes serious associated with numerous adverse effects and multiple complications different organs systems during its pathogenic cycle in humans. Individuals affected by COVID-19, especially elderly populations immunocompromised people, are greatly vulnerable to opportunistic fungal pathogens. Aspergillosis, invasive candidiasis, mucormycosis widespread coinfections COVID-19 patients. Other infections rare but exhibiting increased incidence current scenario include caused Pneumocystis jirovecii, Histoplasma sp., Cryptococcus etc. By producing virulent spores, these pathogens increase severity morbidity fatality rates patients globally. These generally occur recovering from infection, resulting rehospitalization. Older individuals at higher risk developing infections. This review focuses on understanding prevalent patients, people. We have also highlighted important preventive methods, diagnostic approaches, prophylactic measures

Language: Английский

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DectiSomes: C-type lectin receptor-targeted liposomes as pan-antifungal drugs

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 196, P. 114776 - 114776

Published: March 17, 2023

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 in pulmonary critically ill patients: metagenomic identification of fungi and characterization of pathogenic microorganisms

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Feb. 20, 2024

Background Fungal co-infection is prevalent in critically ill patients with COVID-19. The conventional approach applied to fungal identification has relatively low sensitivity and time-consuming. metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) technology can simultaneously detect a variety of microorganisms, increasingly being used for the rapid detection diagnosis pathogens. Methods In this single-center retrospective study, we described clinical presentation outcomes COVID-19 mNGS positive fungi pulmonary during outbreak Omicron infection from December 2022 January 2023. Results Among 43 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) on single intensive care unit (ICU), 10 were reported be using test. number pathogenic microorganisms detected by was significantly higher than that via traditional methods, especially viruses. Aspergillus dominant, most these also had concurrent bacterial or viral infections. Probable possible COVID-19-associated aspergillosis (CAPA) diagnosed all patients, prognosis poor. Conclusion Patients may at increased risk developing infections as well infections, powerful tool identifying Clinicians should aware particularly those who have underlying immunocompromising conditions, monitor early signs infection.

Language: Английский

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COVID-19-Associated Fungal Infections: An Urgent Need for Alternative Therapeutic Approach?

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: June 9, 2022

Secondary fungal infections may complicate the clinical course of patients affected by viral respiratory diseases, especially those admitted to intensive care unit. Hospitalized COVID-19 are at increased risk co-infections exacerbating prognosis disease due misdiagnosis that often result in treatment failure and high mortality rate. COVID-19-associated caused predominantly Aspergillus Candida species, fungi order Mucorales have been reported from several countries become significant challenge for healthcare system. Early diagnosis adequate antifungal therapy is essential improve outcomes, however, drug resistance shows a rising trend highlighting need alternative therapeutic agents. The purpose this review summarize current knowledge on mycoses, strategies most recent advancements development focusing peptides with activity.

Language: Английский

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COVID-19-associated fungal infections in Iran: A systematic review

PLoS ONE, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 17(7), P. e0271333 - e0271333

Published: July 11, 2022

Objectives This systematic review aims to summarize the mycological and clinical features of COVID-19-associated fungal infections (CAFIs) in Iran. Methods PubMed, Web Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, SID, Magiran, IranDoc, Google Scholar were searched for Persian English articles published from January 1, 2020, November 5, 2021, using a search strategy. Studies on Iranian patients suffering CAFIs included review. Results Twenty-two studies comprising 169 retrieved. Reported candidiasis (85, 50.30%), mucormycosis (35, 20.71%), aspergillosis (29, 17.16%), fusariosis (6, 3.55%), three cases caused by rare pathogens (Rhodotorula mucilaginosa , Diaporthe foeniculina Sarocladium kiliense ) 11 (6.51%) uncharacterized mold infections. The most common underlying diseases diabetes (67/168, 39.88%), cardiovascular (55/168, 32.74%), hypertension (43/168, 25.59%). use antibiotics (111/124, 89.52%), corticosteroids (93/132, 70.44%), mechanical ventilation (66, 51.16%) predisposing factors. Totally, 72 (50.35%) 143 with died (data not available 26 patients). Conclusion Fungal are evident be complication COVID-19 Iran; thus, clinicians should consider them as differential diagnosis, especially comorbidities previous antibiotic or corticosteroid use.

Language: Английский

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Human Fungal Infection, Immune Response, and Clinical Challenge—a Perspective During COVID-19 Pandemic

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 194(9), P. 4244 - 4257

Published: June 1, 2022

Language: Английский

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