Phthalic Acid Esters: Natural Sources and Biological Activities

Toxins, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(7), P. 495 - 495

Published: July 16, 2021

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are a class of lipophilic chemicals widely used as plasticizers and additives to improve various products’ mechanical extensibility flexibility. At present, synthesized PAEs, which considered cause potential hazards ecosystem functioning public health, have been easily detected in the atmosphere, water, soil, sediments; PAEs also frequently discovered plant microorganism sources, suggesting possibility that they might be biosynthesized nature. In this review, we summarize not only identified organic solvent extracts, root exudates, essential oils large number different species, but isolated purified from algae, bacteria, fungi. Dominant natural sources generally include di-n-butyl phthalate, diethyl dimethyl di(2-ethylhexyl) diisobutyl diisooctyl etc. Further studies reveal can by at least several algae. reported possess allelopathic, antimicrobial, insecticidal, other biological activities, enhance competitiveness plants, microorganisms better accommodate biotic abiotic stress. These findings suggest should treated solely “human-made pollutant” simply because extensively utilized; on hand, entering disrupt metabolic process certain plant, algal, microbial communities. Therefore, further required elucidate relevant mechanisms ecological consequences.

Language: Английский

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Leaching and extraction of additives from plastic pollution to inform environmental risk: A multidisciplinary review of analytical approaches

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 414, P. 125571 - 125571

Published: March 5, 2021

Language: Английский

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The Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Plastics and Human Health

Annals of Global Health, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 89(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Plastics have conveyed great benefits to humanity and made possible some of the most significant advances modern civilization in fields as diverse medicine, electronics, aerospace, construction, food packaging, sports. It is now clear, however, that plastics are also responsible for harms human health, economy, earth's environment. These occur at every stage plastic life cycle, from extraction coal, oil, gas its main feedstocks through ultimate disposal into The extent these not been systematically assessed, their magnitude fully quantified, economic costs comprehensively counted.The goals this Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Human Health examine plastics' impacts across cycle on: (1) health well-being; (2) global environment, especially ocean; (3) economy; (4) vulnerable populations-the poor, minorities, world's children. On basis examination, offers science-based recommendations designed support development a Global Treaty, protect save lives.This report contains seven Sections. Following an Introduction, Section 2 presents narrative review processes involved production, use, notes hazards environment associated with each stages. 3 describes ocean potential enter marine web result exposure. 4 details health. 5 first-order estimate health-related costs. 6 examines intersection between plastic, social inequity, environmental injustice. 7 Commission's findings recommendations.Plastics complex, highly heterogeneous, synthetic chemical materials. Over 98% produced fossil carbon- oil gas. comprised carbon-based polymer backbone thousands additional chemicals incorporated polymers convey specific properties such color, flexibility, stability, water repellence, flame retardation, ultraviolet resistance. Many added toxic. They include carcinogens, neurotoxicants endocrine disruptors phthalates, bisphenols, per- poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), brominated retardants, organophosphate retardants. integral components many environment.Global production has increased almost exponentially since World War II, time more than 8,300 megatons (Mt) manufactured. Annual volume grown under Mt 1950 460 2019, 230-fold increase, track triple by 2060. More half all ever 2002. Single-use account 35-40% current represent rapidly growing segment manufacture.Explosive recent growth reflects deliberate pivot integrated multinational fossil-carbon corporations produce manufacture plastics. reducing fuels increasing manufacture. two principal factors decreasing demand due increases 'green' energy, massive expansion fracking.Plastic energy-intensive contributes significantly climate change. At present, estimated 3.7% greenhouse emissions, contribution Brazil. This fraction projected increase 4.5% 2060 if trends continue unchecked.The three phases: disposal. In carbon feedstocks-coal, gas, oil-are transformed energy-intensive, catalytic vast array products. Plastic use occurs aspect results widespread exposure contained plastic. constitute largest portion followed fibers construction.Plastic inefficient, recovery recycling rates below 10% globally. 22 waste enters year, much it single-use gigatons accumulated 1950. Strategies controlled uncontrolled landfilling, open burning, thermal conversion, export. Vast quantities exported year high-income low-income countries, where accumulates landfills, pollutes air water, degrades vital ecosystems, befouls beaches estuaries, health-environmental injustice scale. Plastic-laden e-waste particularly problematic.Plastics plastic-associated pollution. contaminate aquatic (marine freshwater), terrestrial, atmospheric environments destination found throughout ocean, including coastal regions, sea surface, deep sea, polar ice. appear resist breakdown could persist decades. Macro- micro-plastic particles identified hundreds species major taxa, consumed humans. Trophic transfer microplastic within them demonstrated. Although themselves (>10 µm) undergo biomagnification, hydrophobic bioaccumulate animals biomagnify webs. amounts fates smaller nanoplastic (MNPs <10 poorly understood, but harm worrying given mobility biological systems. Adverse pollution multiple levels molecular biochemical population ecosystem. MNP contamination seafood direct, though well chemicals. Marine endangers ecosystems upon which depends food, oxygen, livelihood, well-being.Coal miners, workers field who extract suffer mortality traumatic injury, coal workers' pneumoconiosis, silicosis, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary lung cancer. risk leukemia, lymphoma, hepatic angiosarcoma, brain cancer, breast mesothelioma, neurotoxic decreased fertility. Workers producing textiles die bladder interstitial disease rates. toxic metal poisoning, neuropathy, Residents "fenceline" communities adjacent sites experience risks premature birth, low birth weight, asthma, childhood cancer.During disposal, release additives residual monomers people. National biomonitoring surveys USA document population-wide exposures disrupt function births, neurodevelopmental disorders, male reproductive defects, infertility, obesity, renal cancers. Chemical-laden MNPs formed degradation can living organisms, Emerging, albeit still incomplete evidence indicates may cause toxicity physical toxicological effects acting vectors transport bacterial pathogens tissues cells.Infants womb young children populations high plastic-related effects. Because exquisite sensitivity early hazardous children's unique patterns exposure, linked prematurity, stillbirth, defects organs, impairment, impaired growth, Early-life non-communicable diseases later life.Plastic's We 2015 exceeded $250 billion (2015 Int$) globally, alone disability caused PBDE, BPA DEHP $920 Int$). (GHG) emissions equivalent 1.96 dioxide (CO2e) annually. Using US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) cost metric, we annual GHG be $341 Int$).These costs, large they are, certainly underestimate full losses resulting negative All costs-and costs-are externalized petrochemical manufacturing industry borne citizens, taxpayers, governments countries around world without compensation.The adverse economy evenly distributed. disproportionately affect disempowered, marginalized workers, racial ethnic communities, Indigenous groups, women, children, whom had little do creating crisis lack political influence or resources address it. Plastics' harmful keenly felt South, small island states, disenfranchised areas North. Social justice (SEJ) principles require reversal inequitable burdens ensure no group bears disproportionate share those benefit economically bear fair currently costs.It clear sustainable societal injustices.The driver worsening exponential accelerating production. further magnified long persistence environment.The plastics-monomers, additives, processing agents, non-intentionally substances-include amongst number known disruptors, neurotoxicants, persistent organic pollutants. planetary leach out plastics, pollution, disease. efforts reduce must chemicals.To at-risk populations, put end 2040, supports urgent adoption nations strong comprehensive Treaty accord mandate set forth March 2022 resolution United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA).International measures needed curb because transcend national boundaries, scale, well-being people poorest nations. Effective implementation will international action coordinated complemented interventions national, regional, local levels.This urges cap targets, timetables, contributions central provision Treaty. recommend inclusion following provisions:The needs extend beyond microplastics litter plastics.The banning severely restricting unnecessary, avoidable, problematic items, items manufactured microbeads.The requirements extended producer responsibility (EPR) make producers, manufacturers products legally financially safety end-of-life management materials sell.The reductions complexity products; health-protective standards additives; requirement non-toxic materials; disclosure components; traceability components. International cooperation essential implementing enforcing standards.The SEJ remedies fill gaps community knowledge advance both distributional procedural equity.This encourages calling exploration listing least pollutants (POPs) Stockholm Convention.This interface Basel London Conventions enhance slow exports least-developed countries.This recommends creation Permanent Science Policy Advisory Body guide Treaty's implementation. priorities would Member States other stakeholders evaluating solutions effective consumption, enhancing recycling, curbing generation waste. assess trade-offs among evaluate safer alternatives monitor transnational export coordinate robust oceanic-, land-, air-based monitoring programs.This investment research crisis. need determine cost-effective context particular proposed solutions. Oceanographic better measure concentrations µm understand distribution fate Biomedical elucidate MNPs.This finds boon stealth threat enormous benefits, linear pay attention design safe near absence recovery, reuse, grave damage, injustices. worsening.While there remain about uncertainties magnitude, available today demonstrates unequivocally severity intervention Manufacture continue. However, reckless ever-increasing unnecessary products, curbed.Global against failure act immense.

Language: Английский

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An introduction to the sources, fate, occurrence and effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals released into the environment

Environmental Research, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 207, P. 112658 - 112658

Published: Jan. 4, 2022

Many classes of compounds are known or suspected to disrupt the endocrine system vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. This review sources fate selected disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in environment includes that "legacy" contaminants, as well contaminants emerging concern. EDCs included for discussion organochlorine compounds, halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, brominated flame retardants, per- polyfluoroalkyl substances, alkylphenols, phthalates, bisphenol A analogues, pharmaceuticals, drugs abuse steroid hormones, personal care products, organotins. An exhaustive survey these all environmental media (e.g., air, water, soil, biota, foods beverages) is beyond scope this review, so priority highlight which there a clear link between exposure effects humans biota from other taxa. Where appropriate, linkages also made regulatory limits such quality guidelines water sediments total daily intake values humans.

Language: Английский

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Replacing all petroleum-based chemical products with natural biomass-based chemical products: a tutorial review

RSC Sustainability, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 1(2), P. 179 - 212

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Production quantity ratio of petroleum derived chemical products. This also presents the concept replacing all petroleum-based products with natural biomass-based

Language: Английский

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The metabolic potential of plastics as biotechnological carbon sources – Review and targets for the future

Metabolic Engineering, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 71, P. 77 - 98

Published: Dec. 21, 2021

The plastic crisis requires drastic measures, especially for the plastics' end-of-life. Mixed fractions are currently difficult to recycle, but microbial metabolism might open new pathways. With technologies degradation of plastics oligo- and monomers, these carbon sources can be used in biotechnology upcycling waste valuable products, such as bioplastics biosurfactants. We briefly summarize well-known monomer pathways computed their theoretical yields industrially interesting products. this information hand, we calculated replacement scenarios existing fossil-based synthesis routes same Thereby, highlight products which monomers attractive alternative sources. Notably, not highest yield product on substrate biochemical route, rather (in-)efficiency petrochemical (i.e., carbon, energy use) determines potential upcycling. Our results serve a guide future metabolic engineering efforts towards sustainable economy.

Language: Английский

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Exposure to phthalates and female reproductive health: A literature review

Reproductive Toxicology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 109, P. 61 - 79

Published: March 3, 2022

Language: Английский

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Endocrine modulating chemicals in food packaging: A review of phthalates and bisphenols

Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 22(2), P. 1337 - 1359

Published: Feb. 15, 2023

Abstract Phthalates and bisphenol chemicals have been widely used globally in packaging materials consumer products for several decades. These highly functional become a concern due to their toxicity (i.e., endocrine/hormone modulators) ability migrate from food contact (FCMs) into matrices the environment resulting human environmental health risks. FCMs, composed of postconsumer materials, are particularly high risk containing these compounds. The evaluation recycled feedstocks FCMs is compulsory selection an appropriate detection method comply with applicable regulations necessary evaluate safety. Numerous proposed passed both compound classes that recognized as priority pollutants by United States Environmental Protection Agency European Union. Several brand owners retailers also released own “restricted substance lists” mounting regulatory concerns. This review article has two goals: (1) discuss utilization, toxicology, exposure routes, occurrence levels phthalates bisphenols associated legislation various countries (2) critical understanding updates detection/quantification techniques. Current techniques discussed include extraction sample preparation methods (solid‐phase microextraction [SPME], headspace SPME, Soxhlet procedure, ultrasound‐assisted extraction), chromatographic (gas, liquid, detectors), environmental/blank considerations quantification. complements previous foods 2009 discussing phthalate characteristics, analytical determining concentrations influence on migration potential food.

Language: Английский

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Leaching of phthalate acid esters from plastic mulch films and their degradation in response to UV irradiation and contrasting soil conditions

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 443, P. 130256 - 130256

Published: Oct. 27, 2022

Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are commonly used plastic additives, not chemically bound to the that migrate into surrounding environments, posing a threat environmental and human health. Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) di(2-ethylhexyl) (DEHP) two common PAEs found in agricultural soils, where degradation is attributed microbial decomposition. Yet impact of matrix on PAE rates poorly understood. Using 14C-labelled DBP DEHP we show migration from soil represents key rate limiting step their bioavailability subsequent degradation. Incorporating film decreased soil, 79% 21% (9% <1%), over four months when compared direct application PAEs. Mimicking surface conditions, demonstrated exposure ultraviolet radiation accelerated mineralisation twofold. Turnover was promoted by addition biosolids, while presence plants other organic residues failed promote We conclude persist for longer than previously thought due physical trapping within matrix, suggesting released plastics very long time periods lead increasing levels contamination.

Language: Английский

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in high-consumption soft drinks and non-alcoholic beers in Iran: Monitoring, Monte Carlo simulations and human health risk assessment

Microchemical Journal, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 191, P. 108791 - 108791

Published: April 25, 2023

Language: Английский

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