International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
24(6), P. 5925 - 5925
Published: March 21, 2023
Macrophages
can
be
characterized
as
a
very
multifunctional
cell
type
with
spectrum
of
phenotypes
and
functions
being
observed
spatially
temporally
in
various
disease
states.
Ample
studies
have
now
demonstrated
possible
causal
link
between
macrophage
activation
the
development
autoimmune
disorders.
How
these
cells
may
contributing
to
adaptive
immune
response
potentially
perpetuating
progression
neurodegenerative
diseases
neural
injuries
is
not
fully
understood.
Within
this
review,
we
hope
illustrate
role
that
macrophages
microglia
play
initiators
CNS
by
offering
evidence
of:
(1)
types
responses
processes
antigen
presentation
each
disease,
(2)
receptors
involved
macrophage/microglial
phagocytosis
disease-related
debris
or
molecules,
and,
finally,
(3)
implications
macrophages/microglia
on
pathogenesis
diseases.
Internal Medicine,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
62(1), P. 33 - 42
Published: Jan. 31, 2022
Parkinson's
disease
(PD)
is
a
neurodegenerative
manifesting
with
motor
and
non-motor
symptoms.
Current
treatment
mainly
relies
on
medication
as
symptomatic
therapy
modulating
neurotransmitters.
Dopamine
replacement
has
been
established,
levodopa
the
gold
standard
for
of
PD.
However,
emergence
complications,
such
wearing-off
phenomenon,
clinical
problem.
Both
primary
symptoms
complications
have
targets
development
treatments
Recent
progression
in
management
supported
by
newly
developed
agents
advances
device
formulation
technology
to
deliver
drugs
continuously.
Elucidation
pathophysiology
PD
disease-modifying
that
affects
underlying
fundamental
are
also
progressing.
In
this
review,
we
introduce
current
knowledge
developments
concerning
medications
patients
Pharmaceutics,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
15(3), P. 770 - 770
Published: Feb. 25, 2023
Parkinson’s
disease
(PD)
is
a
neurodegenerative
pathology,
the
origin
of
which
associated
with
death
neuronal
cells
involved
in
production
dopamine.
The
prevalence
PD
has
increased
exponentially.
aim
this
review
was
to
describe
novel
treatments
for
that
are
currently
under
investigation
and
study
possible
therapeutic
targets.
pathophysiology
based
on
formation
alpha-synuclein
folds
generate
Lewy
bodies,
cytotoxic
reduce
dopamine
levels.
Most
pharmacological
target
symptoms.
These
include
aimed
at
reducing
accumulation
(epigallocatechin),
its
clearance
via
immunotherapy,
inhibiting
LRRK2,
upregulating
cerebrosidase
(ambroxol).
continues
be
pathology
unknown
generates
significant
social
cost
patients
who
suffer
from
it.
Although
there
still
no
definitive
cure
present,
numerous
available
symptomatology
addition
other
alternatives
investigation.
However,
approach
should
combination
non-pharmacological
strategies
maximise
outcomes
improve
symptomatological
control
these
patients.
It
therefore
necessary
delve
deeper
into
order
quality
life
Brain Research Bulletin,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
199, P. 110672 - 110672
Published: May 18, 2023
Impairments
in
systematic
and
regional
glucose
metabolism
exist
patients
with
Parkinson's
disease
(PD)
at
every
stage
of
the
course,
such
impairments
are
associated
incidence,
progression,
special
phenotypes
PD,
which
affect
each
physiological
process
including
uptake,
glycolysis,
tricarboxylic
acid
cycle,
oxidative
phosphorylation,
pentose
phosphate
shunt
pathway.
These
may
be
attributed
to
various
mechanisms,
as
insulin
resistance,
stress,
abnormal
glycated
modification,
blood-brain-barrier
dysfunction,
hyperglycemia-induced
damages.
mechanisms
could
subsequently
cause
excessive
methylglyoxal
reactive
oxygen
species
production,
neuroinflammation,
aggregation
protein,
mitochondrial
decreased
dopamine,
finally
result
energy
supply
insufficiency,
neurotransmitter
dysregulation,
phosphorylation
α-synuclein,
dopaminergic
neuron
loss.
This
review
discusses
impairment
PD
its
pathophysiological
briefly
summarized
currently-available
therapies
targeting
glucagon-likepeptide-1
(GLP-1)
receptor
agonists
dual
GLP-1/gastric
inhibitory
peptide
agonists,
metformin,
thiazoledinediones.
Nutrients,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
15(16), P. 3585 - 3585
Published: Aug. 15, 2023
Parkinson’s
disease
(PD)
is
a
degenerative
condition
resulting
from
the
loss
of
dopaminergic
neurons.
This
neuronal
leads
to
motor
and
non-motor
neurological
symptoms.
Most
PD
cases
are
idiopathic,
no
cure
available.
Recently,
it
has
been
proposed
that
insulin
resistance
(IR)
could
be
central
factor
in
development.
IR
associated
with
neuropathological
features
like
α-synuclein
aggregation,
loss,
neuroinflammation,
mitochondrial
dysfunction,
autophagy.
These
related
impaired
metabolism,
death,
aggravation
Moreover,
pharmacological
options
involve
signaling
improvement
non-dopaminergic
strategies
have
under
drugs
prevent
metabolic
pathways
involved
damage.
All
these
approaches
improve
outcomes.
Also,
new
biomarker
identification
may
allow
for
an
earlier
diagnosis
high-risk
individuals.
review
describes
main
implicated
development
involving
IR.
presents
several
therapeutic
directed
at
used
treatment.
The
understanding
molecular
mechanisms
neurodegenerative
enhance
diagnosis.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
24(6), P. 5792 - 5792
Published: March 17, 2023
Parkinson’s
disease
is
a
neurodegenerative
whose
progression
and
clinical
characteristics
have
close
bidirectional
multilevel
relationship
with
the
process
of
neuroinflammation.
In
this
context,
it
necessary
to
understand
mechanisms
involved
in
neuroinflammation–PD
link.
This
systematic
search
was,
hereby,
conducted
focus
on
four
levels
where
alterations
associated
neuroinflammation
PD
been
described
(genetic,
cellular,
histopathological
clinical-behavioral)
by
consulting
PubMed,
Google
Scholar,
Scielo
Redalyc
engines,
including
studies,
review
articles,
book
chapters
case
studies.
Initially,
585,772
articles
were
included,
and,
after
applying
inclusion
exclusion
criteria,
84
obtained
that
contained
information
about
association
gene,
molecular,
tissue
neuroanatomical
expression
as
well
clinical-behavioral
manifestations
PD.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
24(7), P. 6251 - 6251
Published: March 26, 2023
There
is
a
large
unmet
medical
need
to
develop
disease-modifying
treatment
options
for
individuals
with
age-related
degenerative
diseases
of
the
central
nervous
system.
The
sigma-2
receptor
(S2R),
encoded
by
TMEM97,
expressed
in
brain
and
retinal
cells,
regulates
cell
functions
via
its
co-receptor
progesterone
membrane
component
1
(PGRMC1),
through
other
protein–protein
interactions.
Studies
describing
S2R
involve
manipulation
expression
or
pharmacological
modulation
using
exogenous
small-molecule
ligands.
These
studies
demonstrate
that
modulates
key
pathways
involved
including
autophagy,
trafficking,
oxidative
stress,
amyloid-β
α-synuclein
toxicity.
Furthermore,
can
ameliorate
functional
deficits
cell-based
animal
models
disease.
This
review
summarizes
current
evidence-based
understanding
biology
function,
potential
as
therapeutic
target
system,
Alzheimer’s
disease,
α-synucleinopathies,
dry
macular
degeneration.
Cells,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
13(4), P. 340 - 340
Published: Feb. 14, 2024
Parkinson’s
Disease
(PD)
is
a
common
neurodegenerative
disease
which
manifests
with
motor
features,
such
as
bradykinesia,
resting
tremor,
rigidity,
and
postural
instability.
Using
the
non-invasive
technique
of
saliva
collection,
we
designed
systematic
review
to
answer
question
“Are
salivary
biomarkers
reliable
for
diagnosis
Disease?”.
Following
inclusion
exclusion
criteria,
30
studies
were
included
in
this
(according
PRISMA
statement
guidelines).
Mostly
proteins
reported
potential
saliva.
Based
on
meta-analysis,
PD
patients,
levels
total
alpha-synuclein
significantly
decreased,
those
oligomeric
increased.
Also,
according
pooled
AUC,
heme
oxygenase-1
demonstrated
significant
predictive
value
saliva-based
diagnosis.
In
conclusion,
some
biomarkers,
especially
alpha-synuclein,
can
be
altered
could
reliably
useful
early
differentiating
other
synucleopathies.
Optometry and Vision Science,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Jan. 9, 2025
SIGNIFICANCE
In
an
aging
population,
the
number
of
people
living
with
neurodegenerative
disease
is
projected
to
increase.
It
vital
develop
reliable,
noninvasive
biomarkers
detect
onset
and
monitor
progression,
there
a
growing
body
research
into
ocular
surface
as
potential
source
such
biomarkers.
BACKGROUND
This
article
reviews
in
vivo
corneal
confocal
microscopy
tear
fluid
analysis
tools
for
biomarker
development.
Corneal
microscopy,
traditionally
used
studying
health,
offers
high-resolution
imaging
nerves
has
shown
promise
examining
systemic
diseases
Alzheimer
Parkinson's
disease.
Complementarily,
analysis,
known
its
ease
collection,
reflects
changes
conditions.
CONCLUSION
Together,
these
techniques
provide
insights
progression
hold
advancing
diagnostic
treatment
strategies.
