Prevotella: A Key Player in Ruminal Metabolism

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(1), P. 1 - 1

Published: Dec. 20, 2022

Ruminants are foregut fermenters that have the remarkable ability of converting plant polymers indigestible to humans into assimilable comestibles like meat and milk, which cornerstones human nutrition. establish a symbiotic relationship with their microbiome, latter is workhorse carbohydrate fermentation. On other hand, during fermentation, synthesis propionate sequesters H, thus reducing its availability for ultimate production methane (CH4) by methanogenic archaea. Biochemically, simplest alkane represents downturn in energetic efficiency ruminants; environmentally, it constitutes potent greenhouse gas negatively affects climate change. Prevotella very versatile microbe capable processing wide range proteins polysaccharides, one fermentation products propionate, trait appears conspicuous P. ruminicola strain 23. Since but not acetate or butyrate, an H sink, propionate-producing microbes potential reduce production. Accordingly, numerous studies suggest members genus divert hydrogen flow glycolysis away from methanogenesis favor propionic acid Intended broad audience microbiology, our review summarizes biochemistry subsequently discusses evidence supporting essential role lignocellulose association reduced emissions. We hope this article will serve as introduction novice researchers update others more conversant topic.

Language: Английский

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The double-edged sword of probiotic supplementation on gut microbiota structure in Helicobacter pylori management

Gut Microbes, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: Aug. 11, 2022

As Helicobacter pylori management has become more challenging and less efficient over the last decade, interest in innovative interventions is growing by day. Probiotic co-supplementation to antibiotic therapies reported several studies, presenting a moderate reduction drug-related side effects promotion positive treatment outcomes. However, significance of gut microbiota involvement competence probiotic emphasized few researchers, indicating alteration host gastrointestinal following drug uptake. Due lack long-term follow-up studies determine efficiency intervention H. eradication, delicate interaction with wellness, this review aims discuss predict comprehensive effectiveness oral administration.Abbreviations: acyl-CoA- acyl-coenzyme A; AMP- antimicrobial peptide; AMPK- AMP-activated protein kinase; AP-1- activator 1; BA- bile acid; BAR- acid receptor; BCAA- branched-chain amino C2- acetate; C3- propionate; C4- butyrate; C5- valeric CagA- Cytotoxin-associated gene cAMP- cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CD- Crohn's disease; CDI- C. difficile infection; COX-2- cyclooxygenase-2; DC- dendritic cell; EMT- epithelial-mesenchymal transition; FMO- flavin monooxygenases; FXR- farnesoid X GPBAR1- G-protein-coupled receptor GPR4- G protein-coupled 4; H2O2- hydrogen peroxide; HCC- hepatocellular carcinoma; HSC- hepatic stellate IBD- inflammatory bowel IBS- irritable syndrome; IFN-γ- interferon-gamma; IgA immunoglobulin IL- interleukin; iNOS- induced nitric oxide synthase; JAK1- janus kinase JAM-A- junctional adhesion molecule LAB- lactic bacteria; LPS- lipopolysaccharide; MALT- mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue; MAMP- microbe-associated molecular pattern; MCP-1- monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MDR- multiple resistance; mTOR- mammalian target rapamycin; MUC- mucin; NAFLD- nonalcoholic fatty liver NF-κB- nuclear factor kappa B; NK- natural killer; NLRP3- NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; NOC- N-nitroso compounds; NOD- nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain; PICRUSt- phylogenetic investigation communities reconstruction unobserved states; PRR- pattern recognition RA- retinoic RNS- reactive nitrogen species; ROS- oxygen rRNA- ribosomal RNA; SCFA- short-chain acids; SDR- single SIgA- secretory STAT3- signal transducer transcription T1D- type 1 diabetes; T2D- 2 Th17- T helper 17; TLR- toll-like TMAO- trimethylamine N-oxide; TML- trimethyllysine; TNF-α- tumor necrosis factor-alpha; Tr1- regulatory Treg- UC- ulcerative colitis; VacA- Vacuolating toxin A.

Language: Английский

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Roles of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(20), P. 4466 - 4466

Published: Oct. 21, 2023

The gut microbiome is a diverse bacterial community in the human gastrointestinal tract that plays important roles variety of biological processes. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are produced through fermentation dietary fiber. Certain microbes responsible for producing SCFAs such as acetate, propionate and butyrate. An imbalance diversity can lead to metabolic disorders inflammation-related diseases. Changes SCFA levels associated microbiota were observed IBD, suggesting an association between disease. affect reactive oxygen species (ROS) with IBD. Gut closely related it study them further.

Language: Английский

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Microbiota-gut-brain axis: relationships among the vagus nerve, gut microbiota, obesity, and diabetes

Acta Diabetologica, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 60(8), P. 1007 - 1017

Published: April 14, 2023

Abstract Aims The purpose of this review is to explore the interconnected pathways microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA), focusing on roles vagus nerve and glucagon like peptide-1 in appetite control, development obesity diabetes. Methods Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are metabolic disorders whose prevalence has significantly increased recent decades expected increase every year, pandemic proportions. These two pathologies often coexist have substantial public health implications. term “diabesity” defines pathophysiological connection between overweight T2DM. gut microbiota affects many aspects host. Beyond regulation intestinal functions activation immune responses, plays a role central nervous system (i.e., mood, psychiatric conditions associated with stress memory) regulator metabolism appetite. Results MGBA involves such as autonomic enteric systems, hypothalamic– pituitary–adrenal axis, system, enteroendocrine cells, microbial metabolites. Notably, an essential eating behavior by modulating learning nutritional preferences. Conclusions Because its cell-mediated interaction microbiota, may provide potential pathway through which microorganisms influence host feeding control physiological pathological conditions.

Language: Английский

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The Interplay of Dietary Fibers and Intestinal Microbiota Affects Type 2 Diabetes by Generating Short-Chain Fatty Acids

Foods, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(5), P. 1023 - 1023

Published: Feb. 28, 2023

Foods contain dietary fibers which can be classified into soluble and insoluble forms. The nutritional composition of fast foods is considered unhealthy because it negatively affects the production short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Dietary fiber resistant to digestive enzymes in gut, modulates anaerobic intestinal microbiota (AIM) fabricates SCFAs. Acetate, butyrate, propionate are dominant gut generated via Wood–Ljungdahl acrylate pathways. In pancreatic dysfunction, release insulin/glucagon impaired, leading hyperglycemia. SCFAs enhance insulin sensitivity or secretion, beta-cell function, leptin release, mitochondrial gluconeogenesis human organs, positively type 2 diabetes (T2D). Research models have shown that either peptide YY (PYY) glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) from L-cells (entero-endocrine), promotes hormone adipose tissues through G-protein receptors GPR-41 GPR-43. a component influences by AIM, may beneficial effects on T2D. This review focuses effectiveness producing colon AIM as well health-promoting

Language: Английский

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The microbiota–gut–brain axis in Huntington's disease: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic targets

FEBS Journal, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 1, 2024

Huntington's disease (HD) is a currently incurable neurogenerative disorder and typically characterized by progressive movement (including chorea), cognitive deficits (culminating in dementia), psychiatric abnormalities (the most common of which depression), peripheral symptoms gastrointestinal dysfunction). There are no approved disease‐modifying therapies available for HD, with death usually occurring approximately 10–25 years after onset, but some hold promising potential. HD subjects often burdened chronic diarrhea, constipation, esophageal gastric inflammation, susceptibility to diabetes. Our understanding the microbiota–gut–brain axis its infancy growing evidence from preclinical clinical studies suggests role gut microbial population imbalance (gut dysbiosis) pathophysiology. The brain can communicate through enteric nervous system, immune vagus nerve, microbiota‐derived‐metabolites including short‐chain fatty acids, bile branched‐chain amino acids. This review summarizes supporting demonstrating alterations bacterial fungal composition that may be associated HD. We focus on mechanisms dysbiosis compromise health, thus triggering neuroinflammatory responses, further highlight outcomes attempts modulate microbiota as therapeutic strategies Ultimately, we discuss dearth data need more longitudinal translational this nascent field. suggest future directions improve our association between microbes pathogenesis other ‘brain body disorders’.

Language: Английский

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Metabolic Dysfunction–Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: From Pathogenesis to Current Therapeutic Options

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(11), P. 5640 - 5640

Published: May 22, 2024

The epidemiological burden of liver steatosis associated with metabolic diseases is continuously growing worldwide and in all age classes. This condition generates possible progression damage (i.e., inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma) but also independently increases the risk cardio-metabolic cancer. In recent years, terminological evolution from “nonalcoholic fatty disease” (NAFLD) to “metabolic dysfunction-associated (MAFLD) and, finally, steatotic (MASLD) has been paralleled by increased knowledge mechanisms linking local hepatic) systemic pathogenic pathways. As a consequence, need for an appropriate classification individual phenotypes oriented investigation innovative therapeutic tools. Besides well-known role lifestyle change, number pharmacological approaches have explored, ranging antidiabetic drugs agonists acting on gut–liver axis at level (mainly farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists, PPAR thyroid hormone agonists), anti-fibrotic anti-inflammatory agents. intrinsically complex pathophysiological history MASLD makes selection single effective treatment major challenge, so far. this evolving scenario, cooperation between different stakeholders (including subjects risk, health professionals, pharmaceutical industries) could significantly improve management disease implementation primary secondary prevention measures. high healthcare search new, effective, safe pressing need, together accurate characterization phenotypes. Recent promising advances indicate that we may soon enter era precise personalized therapy MASLD/MASH.

Language: Английский

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Glymphatic System Pathology and Neuroinflammation as Two Risk Factors of Neurodegeneration

Cells, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(3), P. 286 - 286

Published: Feb. 5, 2024

The key to the effective treatment of neurodegenerative disorders is a thorough understanding their pathomechanism. Neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation are mutually propelling brain processes. An impairment glymphatic system function in neurodegeneration contributes progression pathological question arises as how related. This review highlights direct indirect influence these two seemingly independent Protein aggregates, characteristic feature neurodegeneration, correlated with clearance neuroinflammation. Glial cells cannot be overlooked when considering neuroinflammatory Astrocytes essential for functioning play crucial role inflammatory responses central nervous system. It imperative acknowledge significance AQP4, protein that exhibits high degree polarization astrocytes AQP4 influences processes have not yet been clearly delineated. Another interesting issue gut–brain axis microbiome, which potentially impact discussed A discussion correlation between may contribute exploring pathomechanism neurodegeneration.

Language: Английский

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Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and its effect on α-synuclein and prion protein misfolding: consequences for neurodegeneration

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: Feb. 16, 2024

Abnormal behavior of α-synuclein and prion proteins is the hallmark Parkinson’s disease (PD) illnesses, respectively, being complex neurological disorders. A primary cause protein aggregation, brain injury, cognitive loss in illnesses misfolding normal cellular (PrP C ) into an infectious form Sc ). Aggregation causes disruptions processes (PD), leading to dopamine-producing neurons motor symptoms. Alteration composition or activity gut microbes may weaken intestinal barrier make it possible for prions go from brain. The gut-brain axis linked neuroinflammation; metabolites produced by microbiota affect aggregation α-synuclein, regulate inflammation immunological responses, influence course neurotoxicity proteins, even if their targets are distinct proteins. This thorough analysis explores interactions that exist between neurodegenerative particularly involvement microbiota, a collection bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses etc., various becoming increasingly recognized. microbiome influences neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter synthesis, mitochondrial function, integrity through axis, which contributes development progression disease. review delves molecular mechanisms underlie these relationships, emphasizing effects microbial such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) regulating functioning. Additionally, looks at how environmental dietary decisions whether they could be risk factors illnesses. study concludes highlighting critical role plays It also provides promising direction future research treatment approaches. People afflicted difficult ailments find hope new preventive therapeutic approaches diseases better understood.

Language: Английский

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Effects of Exercise on Gut Microbiota of Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(7), P. 1070 - 1070

Published: April 5, 2024

Background: The equilibrium between gut microbiota (GM) and the host plays a pivotal role in maintaining overall health, influencing various physiological metabolic functions. Emerging research suggests that exercise modulates abundance functionality of bacteria, yet comprehensive effects on GM diversity remain to be synthesized. Objectives Design: study aims quantitatively examine effect adults using systemic review meta-analysis approach. Methods: PubMed, Ebsco, Embase, Web Science, Cochrane Central Register Controlled Trials, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data were searched from their inception September 2023. Exercise intervention studies with control group describe compare composition adults, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, included this meta-analysis. Results: A total 25 1044 participants. Based fixed-effects model [Chi2 = 29.40, df 20 (p 0.08); I2 32%], pooled analysis showed compared group, can significantly increase alpha adult GM, Shannon index as an example [WMD 0.05, 95% CI (0.00, 0.09); Z 1.99 0.05)]. In addition, interventions found alter notably decreasing Bacteroidetes increasing Firmicutes, indicating shift Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. subgroup indicates females older appear exhibit more significant changes Index observed OTUs. Conclusions: may promising way improve adults. particular, was increased after exercise. Distinct responses based gender age implicated needed.

Language: Английский

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