Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases: How Much Do We Still Not Know?

Brain Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(1), P. 19 - 19

Published: Dec. 23, 2023

The term “neuroinflammation” defines the typical inflammatory response of brain closely related to onset many neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Neuroinflammation is well known, but its mechanisms and pathways are not entirely comprehended. Some progresses have been achieved through efforts research. Consequently, new cellular molecular mechanisms, diverse conventional, emerging. In listing some those that will be subject our description discussion, essential important roles peripheral infiltrated monocytes clonotypic cells, alterations in gut–brain axis, dysregulation apelinergic system, endothelial glycocalyx component neuronal vascular units, variations expression genes levels encoding molecules by action microRNAs (miRNAs), or other epigenetic factors distinctive transcriptional factors, as role autophagy, ferroptosis, sex differences, modifications circadian cycle. Such can add significantly understanding complex etiological puzzle neuroinflammation ND. addition, they could represent biomarkers targets ND, which increasing elderly.

Language: Английский

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Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroprotection after the Intermittent Exposures of Hypercapnic Hypoxia

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(7), P. 3665 - 3665

Published: March 25, 2024

The review introduces the stages of formation and experimental confirmation hypothesis regarding mutual potentiation neuroprotective effects hypoxia hypercapnia during their combined influence (hypercapnic hypoxia). main focus is on mechanisms signaling pathways involved in ischemic tolerance brain intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia. Importantly, effect exerts a more pronounced compared to separate application. Some systems are associated with predominance hypoxic stimulus (HIF-1α, A1 receptors), while others (NF-κB, antioxidant activity, inhibition apoptosis, maintenance selective blood-brain barrier permeability) mainly modulated by hypercapnia. Most molecular cellular ischemia due contribution both excess carbon dioxide oxygen deficiency (ATP-dependent potassium channels, chaperones, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial metabolism reprogramming). Overall, studies indicate dominance its action Recent clinical have demonstrated effectiveness hypercapnic-hypoxic training treatment childhood cerebral palsy diabetic polyneuropathy children. Combining pharmacological modulators neuro/cardio/cytoprotection likely be promising for translating research into medicine.

Language: Английский

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MicroRNA-98: the multifaceted regulator in human cancer progression and therapy

Cancer Cell International, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 24(1)

Published: June 13, 2024

MicroRNA-98 (miR-98) stands as an important molecule in the intricate landscape of oncology. As a subset microRNAs, these small non-coding RNAs have accompanied new era cancer research, underpinning their significant roles tumorigenesis, metastasis, and therapeutic interventions. This review provides comprehensive insight into biogenesis, molecular properties, physiological undertakings miR-98, highlighting its double-edged role progression-acting both tumor promoter suppressor. Intriguingly, miR-98 has profound implications for various aspects progression, modulating key cellular functions, including proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle. Given expression patterns, potential diagnostic prognostic biomarker, especially liquid biopsies tissues, is explored, emphasizing hurdles translating findings clinically. The concludes by evaluating avenues to modulate expression, addressing challenges therapy resistance, assessing efficacy In conclusion, while miR-98's involvement showcases promising avenues, future research should pivot towards understanding tumor-stroma interactions, immune modulation, metabolic regulation, thereby unlocking novel strategies management.

Language: Английский

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Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases: How Much Do We Still Not Know?

Published: Nov. 27, 2023

With the term neuroinflammation has defined typical inflammatory response of brain closely related to onset many neurological diseases. Neuroinflammation is well known, but its mechanisms and pathways are not entirely comprehended. Currently, some progress been achieved through efforts research. Consequently, new cellular molecular mecha-nisms, diverse from conventional ones, emerging. In listing those that will be sub-ject our description discussion, essential important role peripheral infiltrated monocytes clonotypic cells, alterations in gut/brain axis, dysregulation apelinergic sys-tem, as changes endothelial glycocalyx blood-brain barrier, variation expres-sion genes levels encoding molecules by microRNAs (miRNAs), or other epige-netic factors distinctive transcriptional factors, autophagy, ferroptosis, sex differences modifications circadian cycle. Such mentioned can add significant pieces understanding complex etiological puzzle neuroinflammation. addi-tion, they could represent biomarkers targets neurodegenerative diseases, increase old populations.

Language: Английский

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MiRNA Dysregulation in Brain Injury: An In Silico Study to Clarify the Role of a MiRNA Set

Current Neuropharmacology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 23(2), P. 209 - 231

Published: Aug. 12, 2024

The identification of specific circulating miRNAs has been proposed as a valuable tool for elucidating the pathophysiology brain damage or injury and predicting patient outcomes.

Language: Английский

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Analysis of MicroRNA Cargo in Circulating Extracellular Vesicles from HIV-Infected Individuals with Pulmonary Hypertension

Cells, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(11), P. 886 - 886

Published: May 21, 2024

The risk of developing pulmonary hypertension (PH) in people living with HIV is at least 300-fold higher than the general population, and illicit drug use further potentiates development HIV-associated PH. relevance extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing both coding as well non-coding RNAs PH secondary to infection abuse yet be explored. We here compared miRNA cargo plasma-derived EVs from HIV-infected stimulant users (HIV + Stimulants PH) without Stimulants) using small RNA sequencing. data were 12 datasets available GEO database identify potential candidate gene targets for differentially altered miRNAs following functional analysis tools: ingenuity pathway (IPA), over-representation (ORA), set enrichment (GSEA). MiRNAs involved promoting cell proliferation inhibition intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathways among top upregulated identified group group. Alternatively, downregulated suggested an association negative regulation smooth muscle proliferation, IL-2 mediated signaling, transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase pathways. validation significantly expressed independent (cocaine nondrug users) confirmed upregulation miR-32-5p, 92-b-3p, 301a-3p positively regulating cellular downregulation miR-5571, -4670 negatively HIV-PH patients. This increase miR-301a-3p decrease miR-4670 correlated CD4 count FEV1/FVC ratio, viral load. Collectively, this suggest alterations circulating HIV-PH.

Language: Английский

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Insights into the Role of microRNAs as Clinical Tools for Diagnosis, Prognosis, and as Therapeutic Targets in Alzheimer’s Disease

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(18), P. 9936 - 9936

Published: Sept. 14, 2024

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are a diverse group of neurological disorders characterized by alterations in the structure and function central nervous system. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), impaired memory cognitive abilities, is most prevalent type senile dementia. Loss synapses, intracellular aggregation hyperphosphorylated tau protein, extracellular amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) plaques hallmarks AD. MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules that bind to 3′ 5′ untranslated regions target genes cause post-transcriptional gene silencing. The brain expresses over 70% all experimentally detected miRNAs, these miRNAs crucial for synaptic particular signals during formation. Increasing evidence suggests play role AD pathogenesis we provide an overview synapse formation, Aβ synthesis, protein accumulation, brain-derived neurotrophic factor-associated pathogenesis. We further summarize discuss as potential therapeutic targets biomarkers detection differentiation between early- late-stage AD, based on recent research. In conclusion, altered expression peripheral circulation demonstrates their

Language: Английский

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Efficacy of exercise rehabilitation for managing patients with Alzheimer’s disease

Neural Regeneration Research, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 19(10), P. 2175 - 2188

Published: Dec. 21, 2023

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive and degenerative neurological characterized by the deterioration of cognitive functions. While definitive cure optimal medication to impede progression are currently unavailable, plethora studies have highlighted potential advantages exercise rehabilitation for managing this condition. Those show that can enhance function improve quality life individuals affected AD. Therefore, has been regarded as one most important strategies patients with Herein, we provide comprehensive analysis available findings on in AD, focus types which shown efficacy when implemented alone or combined other treatment methods, well mechanisms underlying these positive effects. Specifically, explain how may brain microenvironment neuronal plasticity. In conclusion, cost-effective intervention performance mild moderate dysfunction. it potentially become both physical activity tailored intervention. This review aid development more effective individualized address challenges imposed debilitating disease, especially low- middle-income countries.

Language: Английский

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Dexmedetomidine Alleviates Brain Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Regulating Metastasis-associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1/MicroRNA-140-5p/ Nuclear Factor Erythroid-derived 2-like 2 Axis

Protein and Peptide Letters, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 31(2), P. 116 - 127

Published: Dec. 12, 2023

Background: Dexmedetomidine (Dex) is widely used in perioperative anesthesia, and recent studies have reported that it protects organs from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Objective: This study was performed to investigate the role of Dex alleviating cerebral I/R injury its regulatory effects on metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1)/microRNA-140-5p (miR-140-5p)/nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) axis. Methods: In vivo rat middle artery occlusion (MCAO) model vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD/R)-induced neuronal were constructed. injected into animals or culture HT22 cells observe pharmacological effects. The neurological defect, brain water content, infarct volume rats, neuron viability evaluated. levels reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) detected. Besides, MALAT1, miR-140-5p, Nrf2 expression relationships among them evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western blot, dual-luciferase reporter assay. Results: significantly alleviated rats with MCAO promoted neurons. treatment suppressed miR-140-5p expression, but elevated MALAT1 expressions. knockdown down-regulated oxidative stress Additionally, directly targeted Nrf2, also functioned as a downstream target miRNA MALAT1. Conclusion: Dex, via regulating MALAT1/miR-140-5p/Nrf2 axis, plays neuroprotective against I/R-induced

Language: Английский

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The Role of microRNA in Schizophrenia: A Scoping Review

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(14), P. 7673 - 7673

Published: July 12, 2024

Schizophrenia is a serious mental disease that regulated by multiple genes and influenced factors. Due to the complexity of its etiology, pathogenesis still unclear. MicroRNAs belong class small non-coding RNAs are highly conserved in endogenous evolution play critical roles biological pathways. In recent years, aberrant miRNA expression has been implicated schizophrenia, with certain miRNAs emerging as potential diagnostic prognostic biomarkers for this disorder. review, our objective investigate differential elucidate their mechanisms action, assess feasibility biomarkers. The PubMed electronic database Google Scholar were searched years 2003 2024. study focused on schizophrenia research topic, encompassing articles related biomarkers, action mechanisms, differentially expressed associated miRNA. A total 1488 retrieved, out which 49 included scope review. This reviewed identified abnormal different tissues both patients healthy controls, suggesting role progression schizophrenia. Notably, several specific miRNAs, including miR-34a, miR-130b, miR-193-3p, miR-675-3p, miR-1262, miR-218-5p, may serve promising markers diagnosing Furthermore, summarized through contribute development studies within field miRNA’s encompass broad spectrum focus. Several selected have dysregulated across various tissues, thereby highlighting utility Various underlying explored; however, further investigations needed determine exact these condition. exploration involvement etiology identification holds significant promise informing future clinical trials advancing understanding area.

Language: Английский

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