Risk factors for severe and critically ill COVID‐19 patients: A review

Allergy, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 76(2), P. 428 - 455

Published: Nov. 13, 2020

The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has an unprecedented global social and economic impact, high numbers deaths. Many risk factors have been identified in progression COVID-19 into a critical stage, including old age, male gender, underlying comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, chronic lung diseases, heart, liver kidney tumors, clinically apparent immunodeficiencies, local early type I interferon secretion capacity, pregnancy. Possible complications include injury, coagulation disorders, thoromboembolism. development lymphopenia eosinopenia are laboratory indicators COVID-19. Laboratory parameters to monitor lactate dehydrogenase, procalcitonin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6), ferritin. cytokine storm extensive chest computed tomography imaging patterns disease. In addition, socioeconomic status, diet, lifestyle, geographical differences, ethnicity, exposed viral load, day initiation treatment, quality health care reported influence individual outcomes. this review, we highlight scientific evidence on severity

Language: Английский

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A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System–Working in Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(1), P. 236 - 236

Published: Jan. 16, 2020

Immune support by micronutrients is historically based on vitamin C deficiency and supplementation in scurvy early times. It has since been established that the complex, integrated immune system needs multiple specific micronutrients, including vitamins A, D, C, E, B6, B12, folate, zinc, iron, copper, selenium, which play vital, often synergistic roles at every stage of response. Adequate amounts are essential to ensure proper function physical barriers cells; however, daily micronutrient intakes necessary may be higher than current recommended dietary allowances. Certain populations have inadequate intakes, situations with increased requirements (e.g., infection, stress, pollution) further decrease stores within body. Several deficient, even marginal impair immunity. Although contradictory data exist, available evidence indicates immune-supporting modulate reduce risk infection. Micronutrients strongest for D zinc. Better design human clinical studies addressing dosage combinations different required substantiate benefits against

Language: Английский

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Optimal Nutritional Status for a Well-Functioning Immune System Is an Important Factor to Protect against Viral Infections

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(4), P. 1181 - 1181

Published: April 23, 2020

Public health practices including handwashing and vaccinations help reduce the spread impact of infections. Nevertheless, global burden infection is high, additional measures are necessary. Acute respiratory tract infections, for example, were responsible approximately 2.38 million deaths worldwide in 2016. The role nutrition plays supporting immune system well-established. A wealth mechanistic clinical data show that vitamins, vitamins A, B

Language: Английский

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Strengthening the Immune System and Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress through Diet and Nutrition: Considerations during the COVID-19 Crisis

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(6), P. 1562 - 1562

Published: May 27, 2020

The coronavirus-disease 2019 (COVID-19) was announced as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization. Challenges arise concerning how to optimally support immune system in general population, especially under self-confinement. An optimal response depends on an adequate diet and nutrition order keep infection at bay. For example, sufficient protein intake is crucial for antibody production. Low micronutrient status, such of vitamin A or zinc, has been associated with increased risk. Frequently, poor nutrient status inflammation oxidative stress, which turn can impact system. Dietary constituents high anti-inflammatory antioxidant capacity include C, E, phytochemicals carotenoids polyphenols. Several these interact transcription factors NF-kB Nrf-2, related effects, respectively. Vitamin D particular may perturb viral cellular via interacting cell entry receptors (angiotensin converting enzyme 2), ACE2. fiber, fermented gut microbiota into short-chain fatty acids, also shown produce effects. In this review, we highlight importance relevant nutrients effectively reduce thereby strengthening during COVID-19 crisis.

Language: Английский

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Immunosenescence and Its Hallmarks: How to Oppose Aging Strategically? A Review of Potential Options for Therapeutic Intervention

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: Sept. 25, 2019

Ageing is accompanied by remodeling of the immune system. With time, this leads to a decline in efficacy, resulting increased vulnerability infectious diseases, diminished responses vaccination, and susceptibility age-related inflammatory diseases. An age-associated alteration, extensively reported previous studies, reduction number peripheral blood naïve cells, with relative increase frequency memory cells. These two alterations, together inflamm-ageing, are considered hallmarks immunosenescence. Although ageing plastic process, it influenced both nutritional pharmacological interventions. Therefore, role nutrition immunomodulation immunosenescence discussed, due multifactorial influence on these hallmarks. The close connection between nutrition, intake bioactive nutrients supplements, function, inflammation demonstrate key dietary strategies as regulators response status, hence possible modulators rate In addition, potential options for therapeutic intervention clarified. particular, use interleukin-7 growth factor T function checkpoint inhibitors improving cell during and, drugs that inhibit mitogen-activated protein kinases their interaction nutrient signaling pathways discussed. Finally, suggested inclusion appropriate combinations toll-like receptor agonists may enhance efficacy vaccination older adults.

Language: Английский

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Nutrition, immunity and COVID-19

BMJ Nutrition Prevention & Health, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 3(1), P. 74 - 92

Published: May 20, 2020

The immune system protects the host from pathogenic organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites). To deal with this array of threats, has evolved to include a myriad specialised cell types, communicating molecules and functional responses. is always active, carrying out surveillance, but its activity enhanced if an individual becomes infected. This heightened accompanied by increased rate metabolism, requiring energy sources, substrates for biosynthesis regulatory molecules, which are all ultimately derived diet. A number vitamins (A, B 6 , 12 folate, C, D E) trace elements (zinc, copper, selenium, iron) have been demonstrated key roles in supporting human reducing risk infections. Other essential nutrients including other elements, amino acids fatty also important. Each named above antibacterial antiviral defence, zinc selenium seem be particularly important latter. It would prudent individuals consume sufficient amounts support their help them pathogens should they become gut microbiota plays role educating regulating system. Gut dysbiosis feature disease many infectious diseases described COVID-19. Dietary approaches achieve healthy can benefit Severe infection respiratory epithelium lead acute distress syndrome (ARDS), characterised excessive damaging inflammation, termed cytokine storm. seen cases severe There evidence ARDS settings that storm controlled n-3 acids, possibly through metabolism pro-resolving mediators.

Language: Английский

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Malnutrition in Older Adults—Recent Advances and Remaining Challenges

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(8), P. 2764 - 2764

Published: Aug. 12, 2021

Malnutrition in older adults has been recognised as a challenging health concern associated with not only increased mortality and morbidity, but also physical decline, which wide ranging acute implications for activities of daily living quality life general. is common may contribute to the development geriatric syndromes adults. old reflected by either involuntary weight loss or low body mass index, hidden deficiencies such micronutrient are more difficult assess therefore frequently overlooked community-dwelling old. In developed countries, most cited cause malnutrition disease, both chronic disorders have potential result aggravate malnutrition. Therefore, higher age one risk factor developing highest being at nutritional becoming malnourished. However, aetiology complex multifactorial, likely facilitated ageing processes. This comprehensive narrative review summarizes current evidence on prevalence determinants spanning from age-related changes disease-associated factors, outlines remaining challenges understanding, identification well treatment malnutrition, some cases include targeted supplementation macro- and/or micronutrients, when diet alone sufficient meet age-specific requirements.

Language: Английский

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Diet and Immune Function

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 11(8), P. 1933 - 1933

Published: Aug. 16, 2019

A well-functioning immune system is critical for survival. The must be constantly alert, monitoring signs of invasion or danger. Cells the able to distinguish self from non-self and furthermore discriminate between molecules which are harmful (e.g., those pathogens) innocuous food). This Special Issue Nutrients explores relationship diet nutrients function. In this preface, we outline key functions system, how it interacts with across life course, highlighting work included within Issue. includes role macronutrients, micronutrients, gut microbiome in mediating immunological effects. Nutritional modulation has applications clinical setting, but can also have a healthy populations, acting reduce delay onset immune-mediated chronic diseases. Ongoing research field will ultimately lead better understanding function facilitate use bespoke nutrition improve human health.

Language: Английский

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Obesity ‑ a risk factor for increased COVID‑19 prevalence, severity and lethality (Review)

Molecular Medicine Reports, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 22(1), P. 9 - 19

Published: May 5, 2020

Coronaviruses (CoVs), enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses, are a group of viruses that cause infections in the human respiratory tract, which can be characterized clinically from mild to fatal. The severe acute syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) is virus responsible. global spread COVID‑19 described as worst pandemic humanity last century. To date, has infected more than 3,000,000 people worldwide and killed 200,000 people. All age groups virus, but serious symptoms possibly result death observed older those with underlying medical conditions such cardiovascular pulmonary disease. Novel data report even negative prognosis for obese patients. A growing body evidence connects obesity number mechanisms immune system activity attenuation chronic inflammation implicated. Lipid peroxidation creates reactive lipid aldehydes patient metabolic disorder will affect its prognosis. Finally, pregnancy‑associated needs studied further connection this infection could pose high risk both pregnant women fetus.

Language: Английский

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Individual risk management strategy and potential therapeutic options for the COVID-19 pandemic

Clinical Immunology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 215, P. 108409 - 108409

Published: April 7, 2020

Language: Английский

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