Gut Microbiota as a Trigger for Metabolic Inflammation in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Oct. 16, 2020

The gut microbiota has been linked to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). underlying mechanisms as how intestinal may contribute T2D are only partly understood. It becomes progressively clear that is characterized by a chronic state low-grade inflammation, which insulin resistance. Here, we review current evidence microbiota, metabolites they produce, could drive resistance in T2D, possibly initiating an inflammatory response. First, will summarize major findings about immunological microbial changes these metabolic diseases. Next, give detailed view on have implicated inflammation. Lastly, critically discuss clinical studies focus interaction between immune system disease. Overall, there strong tripartite host metabolism critical partaker pathophysiology T2D.

Language: Английский

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Mediterranean diet intervention in overweight and obese subjects lowers plasma cholesterol and causes changes in the gut microbiome and metabolome independently of energy intake

Gut, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 69(7), P. 1258 - 1268

Published: Feb. 19, 2020

Objectives This study aimed to explore the effects of an isocaloric Mediterranean diet (MD) intervention on metabolic health, gut microbiome and systemic metabolome in subjects with lifestyle risk factors for disease. Design Eighty-two healthy overweight obese a habitually low intake fruit vegetables sedentary participated parallel 8-week randomised controlled trial. Forty-three participants consumed MD tailored their habitual energy intakes (MedD), 39 maintained regular diets (ConD). Dietary adherence, parameters, were monitored over period. Results Increased adherence MedD group successfully reprogrammed subjects’ fibre animal proteins. Compliance was confirmed by lowered levels carnitine plasma urine. Significant reductions cholesterol (primary outcome) faecal bile acids occurred compared ConD group. Shotgun metagenomics showed changes that reflected individual increase gene richness who reduced inflammation intervention. The led increased fibre-degrading Faecalibacterium prausnitzii genes microbial carbohydrate degradation linked butyrate metabolism. dietary urinary urolithins, acid insulin sensitivity co-varied specific taxa. Conclusion Switching while maintaining blood caused multiple are relevant future strategies improvement health.

Language: Английский

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Gut microbiota in obesity

World Journal of Gastroenterology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 27(25), P. 3837 - 3850

Published: July 5, 2021

Obesity is a major global health problem determined by heredity and environment, its incidence increasing yearly. In recent years, evidence linking obesity to the gut microbiota has been reported. Gut management become new method of treatment. However, complex interactions among genetics, microbiota, remain poorly understood. this review, we summarize characteristics in obesity, mechanism induced influence genetic environmental factors on provide support for understanding relationship between microbiota. At same time, prospect research related proposed.

Language: Английский

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Relationships of gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, inflammation, and the gut barrier in Parkinson’s disease

Molecular Neurodegeneration, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 16(1)

Published: Feb. 8, 2021

Abstract Background Previous studies have reported that gut microbiota, permeability, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and inflammation are altered in Parkinson’s disease (PD), but how these factors linked they contribute to processes symptoms remains uncertain. This study sought compare identify associations among PD patients controls elucidate their interrelations links clinical manifestations of PD. Methods Stool plasma samples data were collected from 55 56 controls. Levels stool SCFAs inflammatory permeability markers compared between related one another the microbiota. Results Calprotectin was increased decreased a sex-dependent manner. Inflammatory neither intercorrelated nor strongly associated with SCFA levels. Age at onset positively correlated negatively CXCL8 IL-1β stool. Fecal zonulin fecal NGAL motor non-motor symptoms. Microbiota diversity composition levels SCFAs, factors, Certain relationships differed by sex. Conclusions Intestinal responses reductions occur PD, microbiota onset, not reflected profiles. Some distinct sex-dependent. revealed potential alterations microbiota-host interactions earlier intestinal reduced levels, highlighting candidate molecules pathways which may pathogenesis presentation warrant further investigation.

Language: Английский

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Gut Microbiota in Hypertension and Atherosclerosis: A Review

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(10), P. 2982 - 2982

Published: Sept. 29, 2020

Gut microbiota and its metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) impact cardiovascular health. In this review, we discuss how gut can affect hypertension atherosclerosis. Hypertensive patients were shown to have lower alpha diversity, abundance of SCFA-producing microbiota, higher gram-negative bacteria, which are a source LPS. Animal studies point towards direct role for SCFAs in blood pressure regulation show that LPS has pro-inflammatory effects. Translocation into the systemic circulation is consequence increased permeability. Atherosclerosis, multifactorial disease, influenced by through multiple pathways. Many focused on pro-atherogenic TMAO, however, it not clear if causal factor. addition, play key bile acid metabolism some interventions targeting receptors tend decrease Concluding, atherosclerosis many pathways, providing wide range potential therapeutic targets. Challenges ahead include translation findings mechanisms humans development target risk modulation microbes metabolites.

Language: Английский

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Short Chain Fatty Acids and Fecal Microbiota Abundance in Humans with Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 11(10), P. 2512 - 2512

Published: Oct. 18, 2019

There have been mixed results regarding the relationship among short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), microbiota, and obesity in human studies. We selected studies that provided data on SCFA levels or fecal microbiota abundance obese nonobese individuals then combined published estimates using a random-effects meta-analysis. Obese had significantly higher concentrations of acetate (SMD (standardized mean differences) = 0.87, 95% CI (confidence interva) 0.24–1.50, I2 (I–squared) 88.5), propionate 0.86, 0.35–1.36, 82.3%), butyrate 0.78, 0.29–1.27, 81.7%) than controls. The subgroup analyses showed no evidence heterogeneity with BMI >30 kg/m2 (I2 0.0%). At phylum level, was reduced compared to individuals, but difference not statistically significant (Bacteroidetes phylum, SMD −0.36, −0.73–0.01; Firmicutes −0.10, −0.31–0.10). currently available case-control show is associated high gut richness at level. Additional well-designed considerable sample size are needed clarify whether this association causal, it also necessary identify additional contributors production, absorption, excretion humans.

Language: Английский

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Circulating but not faecal short-chain fatty acids are related to insulin sensitivity, lipolysis and GLP-1 concentrations in humans

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: Aug. 29, 2019

Abstract Microbial-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) acetate, propionate and butyrate may provide a link between gut microbiota whole-body insulin sensitivity (IS). In this cross-sectional study (160 participants, 64% male, BMI: 19.2–41.0 kg/m 2 , normal or impaired glucose metabolism), associations SCFA (faecal fasting circulating) circulating metabolites, substrate oxidation IS were investigated. subgroup (n = 93), was determined using hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Data analyzed multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for sex, age BMI. Fasting concentrations positively associated with GLP-1 concentrations. Additionally, negatively related to lipolysis (glycerol), triacylglycerols free levels (standardized (std) β (adj) −0.190, P 0.023; std adj −0.202, 0.010; −0.306, 0.001, respectively). Circulating acetate were, respectively, correlated (M-value: −0.294, < 0.001; 0.161, 0.033, We show that rather than faecal concentrations, peripheral in humans. Therefore, are more directly linked metabolic health, which indicates the need measure human prebiotic/probiotic intervention studies as biomarker/mediator of effects on host metabolism.

Language: Английский

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Biomarkers of Nutrition and Health: New Tools for New Approaches

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 11(5), P. 1092 - 1092

Published: May 16, 2019

A main challenge in nutritional studies is the valid and reliable assessment of food intake, as well its effects on body. Generally, intake measurement based self-reported dietary questionnaires, which have inherent limitations. They can be overcome by use biomarkers, capable objectively assessing consumption without bias assessment. Another major goal to determine biological foods their impact health. Systems analysis dynamic responses may help identify biomarkers indicative body at same time, possibly relation individuals’ health/disease states. Such could used quantify validate analyse physiological or pathological certain components diets, persons with specific deficiency, provide information inter-individual variations formulate personalized recommendations achieve optimal health for particular phenotypes, currently referred “precision nutrition.” In this regard, holistic approaches using global methods (omics approaches), gathering high amounts data, appear very useful new enhance our understanding role disease.

Language: Английский

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The role of gut dysbiosis in Parkinson’s disease: mechanistic insights and therapeutic options

Brain, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 144(9), P. 2571 - 2593

Published: April 12, 2021

Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder in which gastrointestinal symptoms may appear prior to motor symptoms. The gut microbiota of patients with shows unique changes, be used as early biomarkers disease. Alterations the composition related cause or effect non-motor symptoms, but specific pathogenic mechanisms are unclear. and its metabolites have been suggested involved pathogenesis by regulating neuroinflammation, barrier function neurotransmitter activity. There bidirectional communication between enteric nervous system CNS, microbiota-gut-brain axis provide pathway for transmission α-synuclein. We highlight recent discoveries about alterations focus on current mechanistic insights into pathophysiology. Moreover, we discuss interactions production α-synuclein inflammation neuroinflammation. In addition, draw attention diet modification, use probiotics prebiotics faecal transplantation potential therapeutic approaches that lead new treatment paradigm

Language: Английский

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Associations between gut microbiota, faecal short-chain fatty acids, and blood pressure across ethnic groups: the HELIUS study

European Heart Journal, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 41(44), P. 4259 - 4267

Published: Aug. 14, 2020

Preliminary evidence from animal and human studies shows that gut microbiota composition levels of microbiota-derived metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), are associated with blood pressure (BP). We hypothesized faecal derived metabolites may be differently BP across ethnic groups.We included 4672 subjects (mean age 49.8 ± 11.7 years, 52% women) six different groups participating in the HEalthy Life In an Urban Setting (HELIUS) study. The was profiled using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Associations between office were assessed machine learning prediction models. subgroups largest associations, SCFA compared 200 lower or higher systolic BP. Faecal explained 4.4% total variance. Best predictors for Roseburia spp., Clostridium Romboutsia Ruminococcaceae spp. Explained variance highest Dutch (4.8%), but very low South-Asian Surinamese, African Ghanaian, Moroccan Turkish descent (explained <0.8%). levels, acetate (P < 0.05) propionate 0.01), young participants BP.Faecal is BP, strongly divergent associations groups. Intriguingly, while had abundances several SCFA-producing microbes, they levels. Intervention SCFAs could provide more insight effects these on

Language: Английский

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