Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes: From Pathophysiology to Lifestyle Modifications

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(1), P. 72 - 72

Published: Jan. 9, 2025

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder that significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, which leading cause morbidity and mortality among diabetic patients. A central pathophysiological mechanism linking T2DM to complications oxidative stress, defined as an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production body’s antioxidant defenses. Hyperglycemia in promotes stress through various pathways, including formation advanced glycation end products, activation protein kinase C, mitochondrial dysfunction, polyol pathway. These processes enhance ROS generation, endothelial vascular inflammation, exacerbation damage. Additionally, disrupts nitric oxide signaling, impairing vasodilation promoting vasoconstriction, contributes complications. This review explores molecular mechanisms by pathogenesis disease T2DM. It also examines potential lifestyle modifications, such dietary changes physical activity, reducing mitigating risks this high-risk population. Understanding these critical for developing targeted therapeutic strategies improve outcomes

Language: Английский

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Effects of the Mediterranean Diet on the Components of Metabolic Syndrome Concerning the Cardiometabolic Risk

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(2), P. 358 - 358

Published: Jan. 20, 2025

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors, including abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia (intended as an increase in triglyceride levels and reduction HDL cholesterol levels), elevated fasting glucose, that the cardiovascular disease type 2 diabetes. With rising prevalence metabolic syndrome, effective dietary interventions are essential reducing these health risks. The Mediterranean diet, rich fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, olive oil moderate fish poultry, has shown promise addressing its associated components. This diet’s anti-inflammatory antioxidant properties, primarily due to unsaturated fats, polyphenols, fiber, have improved blood pressure, lipid levels, sensitivity. Adherence diet been linked reductions central obesity both key elements managing syndrome. Regarding management, lowers low-density lipoprotein (LDL) while raising high-density (HDL) cholesterol, enhancing profiles. It also helps regulate glucose likelihood developing Additionally, promotes weight loss improves body composition, particularly by decreasing visceral fat, primary driver according IDF classification. offers holistic approach related chronic diseases. Its positive impact on health, combined with lifestyle changes like increased physical activity, provides sustainable method for global burden this review aimed summarize effects component subsequent cardiometabolic profile.

Language: Английский

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The Microbiota and the Gut–Brain Axis in Controlling Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 22(11), P. 5830 - 5830

Published: May 29, 2021

Obesity currently represents a major societal and health challenge worldwide. Its prevalence has reached epidemic proportions trends continue to rise, reflecting the need for more effective preventive measures. Hypothalamic circuits that control energy homeostasis in response food intake are interesting targets body-weight management, example, through interventions reinforce gut-to-brain nutrient signalling, whose malfunction contributes obesity. Gut microbiota–diet interactions might interfere sensing signalling from gut brain, where information is processed homeostasis. This microbiota–brain crosstalk mediated by metabolites, mainly short chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids or amino acids-derived metabolites subcellular bacterial components. These activate gut–endocrine and/or neural-mediated pathways pass systemic circulation then reach brain. Feeding time dietary composition main drivers of microbiota structure function. Therefore, aberrant feeding patterns unhealthy diets alter modify availability microbial ligands transmitting brain intake, thus impairing Herein, we update scientific evidence supporting source novel non-dietary biological products may beneficially regulate communication and, thus, improve metabolic health. Additionally, evaluate how modulate thereby, intraluminal these with potential effects on The review also identifies knowledge gaps advances required clinically apply microbiome-based strategies gut–brain axis function combat

Language: Английский

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Gut-Microbial Metabolites, Probiotics and Their Roles in Type 2 Diabetes

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 22(23), P. 12846 - 12846

Published: Nov. 27, 2021

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a worldwide prevalent metabolic disorder defined by high blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance (IR) and impaired secretion. Understanding the mechanism of action great importance continuing development novel therapeutic strategies for treatment T2D. Disturbances gut microbiota have been widely found in T2D patients contribute IR. In present article, we reviewed pathological role microbial metabolites including gaseous products, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) aromatic (AAAs) bile (BA) choline products bacterial toxins regulating sensitivity Following that, summarized probiotics-based strategy with focus on modulating both animal human studies. These results indicate that gut-microbial are involved pathogenesis supplementation probiotics could be beneficial alleviate IR via modulation microbiota.

Language: Английский

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Epigenetics, microRNA and Metabolic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 22(9), P. 5047 - 5047

Published: May 10, 2021

Epigenetics refers to the DNA chemistry changes that result in modification of gene transcription and translation independently underlying coding sequence. Epigenetic modifications are reported involve various molecular mechanisms, including classical epigenetic affecting methylation histone small RNA-mediated processes, particularly microRNAs. reversible closely interconnected. They recognised play a critical role as mediators regulation, any alteration these mechanisms has been identified mediate pathophysiological conditions. Moreover, genetic predisposition environmental factors, dietary alterations, lifestyle or metabolic status, interact with human epigenome, highlighting importance factors processes aetiology diseases such MetS. This review will reflect on how both microRNA-regulated associated pathophysiology syndrome. We then focus aspects epigenetic-based strategies used modify MetS outcomes, diet, drugs, epigenome editing tools miRNA-based therapies.

Language: Английский

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Impact of the Level of Adherence to Mediterranean Diet on the Parameters of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(5), P. 1514 - 1514

Published: April 30, 2021

High adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) has been associated with a lower prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). The present study aimed investigate impact MD on parameters MetS. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Cochrane Central Registry Clinical Trials (CENTRAL), Scopus, EMBASE, Web Science and Google Scholar databases. Observational studies that recorded components/measures MetS, such as waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), fasting glucose (FBG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol triglycerides (TG), were included this study. total 58 our WC TG significantly high group (SMD: -0.20, (95%CI: -0.40, -0.01), SMD: -0.27 -0.27, -0.11), respectively), while HDL higher same -0.28 0.07, 0.50). There no difference FBG SBP among two groups -0.21 -0.54, 0.12) & -0.15 -0.38, 0.07), respectively). may have positive all However, further research is needed field.

Language: Английский

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Twelve-Week Mediterranean Diet Intervention Increases Citrus Bioflavonoid Levels and Reduces Inflammation in People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(4), P. 1133 - 1133

Published: March 30, 2021

The benefits of a Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) in the management diabetes have been reported, but contribution polyphenol-rich citrus fruit has not studied widely. Here, we report sub-study findings previously conducted MedDiet intervention clinical trial patients with type 2 mellitus (T2DM), where aimed to measure diet effects on plasma bioflavonoids levels and biomarkers inflammation oxidative stress. We analysed samples from 19 (of original 27) participants T2DM who were randomly assigned consume or their usual for 12 weeks then crossed over alternate diet. Compared baseline, significantly increased naringin, hesperitin hesperidin (by 60%, 58% 39%, respectively, p < 0.05) reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 49%, = 0.016). Oxidative stress marker 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) decreased by 32.4% (p 0.128). Usual did induce these beneficial changes. inflammatory profile may, part, be attributed anti-inflammatory actions bioflavonoids. Together indications improved stress, add scientific evidence base consumption pattern.

Language: Английский

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Association Between the EAT-Lancet Diet Pattern and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study

Frontiers in Nutrition, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: Jan. 14, 2022

The EAT-Lancet Commission has promulgated a sustainable dietary guideline and recommended that it was designed to improve the human health support environmental sustainability.This research explore association between this healthy diet pattern (EAT-Lancet pattern, EAT-LDP) risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D).Between 2006 2010, total 59,849 participants from UK Biobank without diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancers were included at baseline. EAT-LDP score constructed on sum 14 food components then categorized into three tertiles. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models conducted incident T2D. A mediation analysis also implemented disentangle role body mass index (BMI) waist circumference in relationship T2D.During median follow-up 10 years, 2,461 T2D cases recorded. In analyses compared tertile 3 (highest) with 1 (lowest), hazard ratio (HR) for 0.81 (95% CI: 0.72-0.90) after adjusting sociodemographic status health-related factors. Participants who reported one-point increase associated 6% decrease (HR: 0.94, 95% 0.91-0.97). significant indirect observed (β: 0.66, 0.65-0.67), indicating 44% mediated by BMI. Additionally, 40% observed.Our findings indicate higher adherence contributes lower Further independent validation is needed be before applying inform guidelines.

Language: Английский

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The Role of Diet and Dietary Patterns in Parkinson’s Disease

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(21), P. 4472 - 4472

Published: Oct. 25, 2022

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with diminished nutrition status and decreased quality of life. While the prevalence PD expected to increase, no preventative or curative therapy for exists at this time. Although diet represent modifiable risk factors reducing chronic disease risk, research on impact single nutrients has yielded mixed results. As result, single-nutrient approach may be driving force behind inconsistency, holistic dietary overcome inconsistency by accounting interactions between nutrients. The following review aims examine generally healthy pattern, protein-restricted (PRD), ketogenic (KD), Mediterranean (MD), Mediterranean-DASH Intervention Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) progression, severity. most included studies support role patterns in alleviating severity, inconsistent results need further evidence necessitate more being conducted before making recommendations. Research potential beneficial effects should also investigate risks.

Language: Английский

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Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Antioxidants as Immunomodulators in Exercise: Implications for Heme Oxygenase and Bilirubin

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(2), P. 179 - 179

Published: Jan. 18, 2022

Exercise is commonly prescribed as a lifestyle treatment for chronic metabolic diseases it functions an insulin sensitizer, cardio-protectant, and essential tool effective weight maintenance. boosts the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) subsequent transient oxidative damage, which also upregulates counterbalancing endogenous antioxidants to protect from ROS-induced damage inflammation. elevates heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) biliverdin reductase A (BVRA) expression built-in protective mechanisms, produce most potent antioxidant, bilirubin. Together, these mitigate inflammation adiposity. Moderately raising plasma bilirubin protects in two ways: (1) via its antioxidant capacity reduce ROS inflammation, (2) newly defined function hormone that activates nuclear receptor transcription factor PPARα. It now understood increasing can drive adaptions, improve deleterious outcomes gain obesity, such type II diabetes, cardiovascular diseases. The main objective this review describe how HO-1–BVRA–bilirubin–PPARα axis influences interacts with exercise management.

Language: Английский

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