Several lines of antioxidant defense against oxidative stress: antioxidant enzymes, nanomaterials with multiple enzyme-mimicking activities, and low-molecular-weight antioxidants

Archives of Toxicology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 98(5), P. 1323 - 1367

Published: March 14, 2024

Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen (RNS) are well recognized for playing a dual role, since they can be either deleterious or beneficial to biological systems. An imbalance between ROS production elimination is termed oxidative stress, critical factor common denominator of many chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic neurological disorders (Alzheimer’s Parkinson’s diseases), other disorders. To counteract the harmful effects ROS, organisms have evolved complex, three-line antioxidant defense system. The first-line mechanism most efficient involves enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx). This line plays an irreplaceable role in dismutation radicals (O 2 ·− ) hydrogen peroxide (H O ). removal by SOD prevents formation much more damaging peroxynitrite ONOO − + NO · → maintains physiologically relevant level nitric oxide (NO ), important molecule neurotransmission, inflammation, vasodilation. second-line pathway exogenous diet-derived small-molecule antioxidants. third-line ensured repair oxidized proteins biomolecules variety enzyme review briefly discusses endogenous (mitochondria, NADPH, xanthine oxidase (XO), Fenton reaction) (e.g., smoking, radiation, drugs, pollution) sources (superoxide radical, peroxide, hydroxyl peroxyl hypochlorous acid, peroxynitrite). Attention has been given system provided SOD, CAT, GPx. chemical molecular mechanisms enzymes, enzyme-related (cancer, cardiovascular, lung, metabolic, GPx4) cellular processes ferroptosis discussed. Potential therapeutic applications mimics recent progress metal-based (copper, iron, cobalt, molybdenum, cerium) nonmetal (carbon)-based nanomaterials with enzyme-like activities (nanozymes) also Moreover, attention action low-molecular-weight antioxidants (vitamin C (ascorbate), vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), carotenoids β-carotene, lycopene, lutein), flavonoids quercetin, anthocyanins, epicatechin), (GSH)), activation transcription factors Nrf2, protection against diseases. Given that there discrepancy preclinical clinical studies, approaches may result greater pharmacological success therapies subject discussion.

Language: Английский

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Oxidative stress, the blood–brain barrier and neurodegenerative diseases: The critical beneficial role of dietary antioxidants

Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(10), P. 3988 - 4024

Published: July 16, 2023

In recent years, growing awareness of the role oxidative stress in brain health has prompted antioxidants, especially dietary to receive attention as possible treatments strategies for patients with neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). The most widely studied antioxidants include active substances such vitamins, carotenoids, flavonoids and polyphenols. Dietary are found usually consumed foods fresh fruits, vegetables, nuts oils gaining popularity due recently their potential preventive protective agents against NDs, well abundant natural sources, generally non-toxic nature, ease long-term consumption. This review article examines development explores ‘two-sidedness’ blood–brain barrier (BBB) a nervous system an impeding use drug medicinal products and/or supplements prevention therapy reviews BBB permeability common suplements efficacy treatment NDs. Finally, current challenges future directions NDs using discussed, useful information on is provided.

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 Complications: Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Mitochondrial and Endothelial Dysfunction

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(19), P. 14876 - 14876

Published: Oct. 4, 2023

SARS-CoV-2 infection, discovered and isolated in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, causes acute atypical respiratory symptoms has led to profound changes our lives. COVID-19 is characterized by a wide range of complications, which include pulmonary embolism, thromboembolism arterial clot formation, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, multiorgan failure, more. The disease caused worldwide pandemic, despite various measures such as social distancing, preventive strategies, therapeutic approaches, the creation vaccines, novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) still hides many mysteries for scientific community. Oxidative stress been suggested play an essential role pathogenesis COVID-19, determining free radical levels patients with may provide insight into severity. generation abnormal oxidants under COVID-19-induced cytokine storm irreversible oxidation macromolecules subsequent damage cells, tissues, organs. Clinical studies have shown that oxidative initiates endothelial damage, increases risk complications post-COVID-19 or long-COVID-19 cases. This review describes radicals mediation mitochondrial dysfunction.

Language: Английский

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Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury: What Have We Learned So Far?

Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(8), P. 1139 - 1139

Published: Aug. 17, 2023

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes long-lasting morbidity and mortality worldwide, being a devastating condition related to impairment nervous system after an external traumatic event resulting in transitory or permanent functional disability, with significant burden healthcare system. Harmful events underlying TBI can be classified into two sequential stages, primary secondary, which are both associated breakdown tissue homeostasis due blood–brain barrier, osmotic imbalance, inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, apoptotic cell death, ultimately loss functionality. The present study provides updated review concerning roles edema, inflammation, stress on changes from TBI. proper characterization phenomena contribute improvement care, rehabilitation quality life affected people.

Language: Английский

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Major Depressive Disorder and Oxidative Stress: A Review of Peripheral and Genetic Biomarkers According to Clinical Characteristics and Disease Stages

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(4), P. 942 - 942

Published: April 17, 2023

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is currently the main cause of disability worldwide, but its pathophysiology remains largely unknown, especially given high heterogeneity in terms clinical phenotypes and biological characteristics. Accordingly, management still poor. Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress, measured on various matrices such as serum, plasma or erythrocytes, has a critical role MDD. The aim this narrative review to identify erythrocyte biomarkers stress MDD patients according disease stage features. Sixty-three articles referenced PubMed Embase between 1 January 1991, 31 December 2022, were included. Modifications antioxidant enzymes (mainly glutathione peroxidase superoxide dismutase) highlighted. Non-enzymatic antioxidants uric acid) decreased depressed compared healthy controls. These changes associated with an increase reactive oxygen species. Therefore, increased damage products (principally malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl content 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine) present patients. Specific modifications could be identified stages Interestingly, antidepressant treatment corrected these changes. remission from depression, markers globally normalized. This particular interest for care may contribute provide opportunity find new therapeutic targets.

Language: Английский

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The Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Obesity and Its Impact on Cognitive Impairments—A Narrative Review

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(5), P. 1071 - 1071

Published: May 10, 2023

Obesity is a chronic low-grade inflammatory condition that induces the generation of oxidative stress and inflammation. This inflammation stimulate brain atrophy some morphological changes in eventually result cognitive impairments. However, there no exact study has summarized role obesity its impact on Thus, objective this review to recapitulate current decline based vivo evidence. A comprehensive search was performed Nature, Medline Ovid, ScienceDirect, PubMed, limited past 10 years publication. From search, we identified 27 articles be further reviewed. The outcome indicates greater amount fat stored individual adipocytes formation reactive oxygen species will lead stress, which may cause brain, suppress endogenous antioxidant system, promote neuroinflammation and, eventually, neuronal apoptosis. impair normal function specific regions are involved learning, as well memory. shows strong positive correlation with Hence, summarizes mechanism induce memory loss animal model In conclusion, serve an insight into therapeutic development focusing pathways manage obesity-induced future.

Language: Английский

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A Comprehensive Review of Free Radicals, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Overview, Clinical Applications, Global Perspectives, Future Directions, and Mechanisms of Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoid Compounds

Journal of Chemistry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 2024, P. 1 - 21

Published: May 31, 2024

Absorption​ of free radicals in the body cannot be done by antioxidant compounds originating from human body, so exogenous antioxidants are required to help their natural action. Oxidative stress can caused an imbalance radical inhibitors and accumulation that enter cellular structures. Synthetic found external not primary choice because they harmful carcinogenic. Therefore, using ingredients provides a necessary alternative constructing novel antioxidants. Recent studies have highlighted critical analysis evaluation flavonoids unique class secondary metabolites plants used communities as traditional therapeutics with proven bioactivity. This could support new discoveries based on various herbal medicines addition, functional effectiveness against radicals. In this review, there several strengths discussion. First, study takes comprehensive approach covering aspects, including properties sources radicals, oxidative relation different diseases, defense mechanisms, specific mechanisms flavonoids. Second, focus antioxidants, especially flavonoids, also discussion about clinical applications studies, limitations, global perspectives, future research directions become references selection medicines. But, constraints should considered when interpreting findings review. mechanism is only discussed general one example compound (flavonoid) has potential antioxidant. lack regarding relationship between diseases Third, limited number investigated some discussed.

Language: Английский

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Antioxidant Metabolism Pathways in Vitamins, Polyphenols, and Selenium: Parallels and Divergences

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(5), P. 2600 - 2600

Published: Feb. 23, 2024

Free radicals (FRs) are unstable molecules that cause reactive stress (RS), an imbalance between oxygen and nitrogen species in the body its ability to neutralize them. These generated by both internal external factors can damage cellular lipids, proteins, DNA. Antioxidants prevent or slow down oxidation process interrupting transfer of electrons substances agents. This is particularly important at level because reactions lead formation FR contribute various diseases. As we age, RS accumulates leads organ dysfunction age-related disorders. Polyphenols; vitamins A, C, E; selenoproteins possess antioxidant properties may have a role preventing treating certain human diseases associated with RS. In this review, explore current evidence on potential benefits dietary supplementation investigate intricate connection SIRT1, crucial regulator aging longevity; transcription factor NRF2; polyphenols, vitamins, selenium. Finally, discuss positive effects molecules, such as reducing RS, their slowing several

Language: Английский

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Cold plasma technology: Reshaping food preservation and safety

Food Control, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 163, P. 110537 - 110537

Published: April 22, 2024

Language: Английский

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Inside the genome: understanding genetic influences on oxidative stress

Frontiers in Genetics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: June 25, 2024

Genetics is a key factor that governs the susceptibility to oxidative stress. In body, burden regulated by balance between prooxidant genes orchestrate processes produce oxidant species, while antioxidant aid those involved in scavenging these species. Together, two components maintaining body. Genetic variations can influence expression and activity of encoded proteins which then affect their efficiency regulating redox processes, thereby increasing risk This review studies single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) bear relevance stress exploring genes, such as XDH, CYBA, CYP1A1, PTGS2, NOS, MAO including SOD, CAT, GPX, GSS, GLUL, GSR, GSTM1, GSTM5, GSTP1, TXN HMOX1. Early identification individuals at increased possible from assessment sequence genes. Integrating genetic insights into management measures pave way for personalized medicine tailors’ healthcare approaches individual profiles. Effective along with routine quantification biological markers improve monitor treatment strategies, enhancing mitigation maintain cellular health promote longevity.

Language: Английский

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