Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance: The Most Critical Pathogens

Pathogens, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10(10), P. 1310 - 1310

Published: Oct. 12, 2021

Antibiotics have made it possible to treat bacterial infections such as meningitis and bacteraemia that, prior their introduction, were untreatable consequently fatal. Unfortunately, in recent decades overuse misuse of antibiotics well social economic factors accelerated the spread antibiotic-resistant bacteria, making drug treatment ineffective. Currently, at least 700,000 people worldwide die each year due antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Without new better treatments, World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that this number could rise 10 million by 2050, highlighting a health concern not secondary importance. In February 2017, light increasing antibiotic resistance, WHO published list pathogens includes designated acronym ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter species) which given highest "priority status" since they represent great threat humans. Understanding mechanisms these bacteria is key step development drugs tackle drug-resistant bacteria. review, both mode action commonly used antimicrobials will be examined. It also discusses current state AMR most critical resistant determined WHO's global priority list.

Language: Английский

---

Prevalence of ESKAPE pathogens in the environment: Antibiotic resistance status, community-acquired infection and risk to human health

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 244, P. 114006 - 114006

Published: July 1, 2022

The ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) pathogens are characterised by increased levels of resistance towards multiple classes first line last-resort antibiotics. Although these frequently isolated from clinical environments implicated in a variety life-threatening, hospital-associated infections; antibiotic resistant strains have been environmental reservoirs such as surface water, wastewater, food, soil. Literature on the persistence subsequent health risks posed isolates extra-hospital settings is however, limited current review aims to elucidate primary environment, their profiles, link community-acquired infections. Additionally, information state research regarding health-risk assessments linked exposure natural outlined.

Language: Английский

---

Antimicrobial resistance: Impacts, challenges, and future prospects

Journal of Medicine Surgery and Public Health, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 2, P. 100081 - 100081

Published: March 2, 2024

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health issue driven by antibiotic misuse and overuse in various sectors, leading to the emergence of resistant microorganisms. The history AMR dates back discovery penicillin, with rise multidrug-resistant pathogens posing significant challenges healthcare systems worldwide. antibiotics human animal health, as well agriculture, contributes spread genes, creating "Silent Pandemic" that could surpass other causes mortality 2050. affects both humans animals, treating infections. Various mechanisms, such enzymatic modification biofilm formation, enable microbes withstand effects antibiotics. lack effective threatens routine medical procedures lead millions deaths annually if left unchecked. economic impact substantial, projected losses trillions dollars financial burdens on agriculture. Artificial intelligence being explored tool combat improving diagnostics treatment strategies, although data quality algorithmic biases exist. To address effectively, One Health approach considers human, animal, environmental factors crucial. This includes enhancing surveillance systems, promoting stewardship programs, investing research development for new antimicrobial options. Public awareness, education, international collaboration are essential combating preserving efficacy future generations.

Language: Английский

---

Acinetobacter baumannii Infections in Times of COVID-19 Pandemic

Pathogens, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10(8), P. 1006 - 1006

Published: Aug. 10, 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has generated an overuse of antimicrobials in critically ill patients. Acinetobacter baumannii frequently causes nosocomial infections, particularly intensive care units (ICUs), where the incidence increased over time. Since WHO declared on 12 March 2020, disease spread rapidly, and many patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 needed to be admitted ICU. Bacterial co-pathogens are commonly identified viral respiratory infections important morbidity mortality. However, we cannot neglect antimicrobial resistance, which may attributed excess use agents during pandemic. Patients could vulnerable other owing multiple comorbidities severe COVID-19, prolonged hospitalization, SARS-CoV-2-associated immune dysfunction. These have acquired secondary bacterial or superinfections, mainly bacteremia urinary tract infections. This review will summarize prevalence A. coinfection infection COVID-19.

Language: Английский

---

Review on Multiple Facets of Drug Resistance: A Rising Challenge in the 21st Century

Journal of Xenobiotics, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11(4), P. 197 - 214

Published: Dec. 13, 2021

With the advancements of science, antibiotics have emerged as an amazing gift to human and animal healthcare sectors for treatment bacterial infections other diseases. However, evolution new strains, along with excessive use reckless consumption led unfolding antibiotic resistances level. Multidrug resistance is a potential threat worldwide, escalating at extremely high rate. Information related drug resistance, its regulation control are still very little. To interpret onset resistances, investigation on molecular analysis genes, their distribution mechanisms urgently required. Fine-tuned research profile regarding ESKAPE pathogen also necessary multidrug resistant bacteria. In present scenario, interaction SARS-CoV-2 crucial. Tracking in-silico various or gene/s crucial overcoming problem, thus, maintenance relevant databases wise should be promoted. Creating awareness this critical situation among individuals every level important strengthen fight against fast-growing calamity. The review aimed provide detailed information regulatory responsible information. article, we tried focus correlation between antimicrobial COVID-19 pandemic. This study will help in developing interventions, approaches, strategies handle complexity prevent incidences life-threatening infections.

Language: Английский

---

Convergence of Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii Infection

Frontiers in Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: March 24, 2022

Acinetobacter baumannii ( A. ) is a leading cause of nosocomial infections as this pathogen has certain attributes that facilitate the subversion natural defenses human body. acquires antibiotic resistance determinants easily and can thrive on both biotic abiotic surfaces. Different mechanisms or determinants, transmissible non-transmissible, have aided in victory over antibiotics. In addition, propensity to form biofilms (communities organism attached surface) allows persist hospitals various medical surfaces (cardiac valves, artificial joints, catheters, endotracheal tubes, ventilators) also evade antibiotics simply by shielding bacteria increasing its ability acquire foreign genetic material through lateral gene transfer. The biofilm formation rate higher than other species. Recent research shown how biofilm-forming capacity exerts effect phenotypes, development resistome, dissemination genes within conjugation transformation, thereby making hotspot for exchange. Various control beneficial relationship between “antimicrobial resistance” (AMR) exists organism. This review discusses these act independently synergistically hospital infections. Evolution AMR , including (hydrolyzing enzymes) non-transmissible (efflux pumps chromosomal mutations) are presented. Intrinsic factors [biofilm-associated protein, outer membrane protein A, chaperon-usher pilus, iron uptake mechanism, poly-β-(1, 6)-N-acetyl glucosamine, BfmS/BfmR two-component system, PER-1, quorum sensing] involved production, extrinsic (surface property, growth temperature, medium) associated with process, impact high antimicrobial tolerance regulation transfer biofilm, elaborated. colonization devices discussed. Each important device-related infection dealt adult pediatric studies separately mentioned. Furthermore, strategies preventing combinations, sensing quenchers, products, efflux pump inhibitors, peptides, nanoparticles, phage therapy enumerated.

Language: Английский

---

Antimicrobial Resistance Rates and Surveillance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Where Are We Now?

Infection and Drug Resistance, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: Volume 15, P. 3589 - 3609

Published: July 1, 2022

Although antimicrobials have traditionally been used to treat infections and improve health outcomes, resistance commonly has posed a major challenge. An estimated 700,000 deaths occur globally every year as result of caused by antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. Antimicrobial (AMR) also contributes directly the decline in global economy. In 2019, sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) had highest mortality rate (23.5 per 100,000) attributable AMR compared other regions.We searched PubMed for articles relevant pathogens WHO-GLASS list local importance SSA. this review, we focused on rates surveillance these priority some most encountered public significance. addition, reviewed implementation national action plans mitigate against countries SSA.The SSA region is disproportionately affected AMR, part owing prevailing high levels poverty, which burden infectious diseases, poor regulation antimicrobial use, lack alternatives ineffective antimicrobials. The plan strategy prevention combating adopted countries, but fewer are able fully implement country-specific plans, several challenges exist many settings.A concerted One Health approach will be required ramp up region. addition surveillance, effective infection control, water, sanitation, hygiene, stewardship programs key cost-effective strategies helping tackle AMR.

Language: Английский

---

Bacterial resistance to antibacterial agents: Mechanisms, control strategies, and implications for global health

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 860, P. 160461 - 160461

Published: Nov. 24, 2022

Language: Английский

---

Global Epidemiology and Mechanisms of Resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus Complex

Clinical Infectious Diseases, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 76(Supplement_2), P. S166 - S178

Published: May 1, 2023

Abstract Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex is the most commonly identified species in genus and it accounts for a large percentage of nosocomial infections, including bacteremia, pneumonia, infections skin urinary tract. A few key clones A. are currently responsible dissemination these organisms worldwide. Unfortunately, multidrug resistance common trait among due to their unrivalled adaptive nature. isolates can accumulate traits by plethora mechanisms, horizontal gene transfer, natural transformation, acquisition mutations, mobilization genetic elements that modulate expression intrinsic acquired genes.

Language: Английский

---

Colistin Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii: Molecular Mechanisms and Epidemiology

Antibiotics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(3), P. 516 - 516

Published: March 4, 2023

Acinetobacter baumannii is recognized as a clinically significant pathogen causing wide spectrum of nosocomial infections. Colistin was considered last-resort antibiotic for the treatment infections caused by multidrug-resistant A. baumannii. Since reintroduction colistin, number mechanisms colistin resistance in have been reported, including complete loss LPS inactivation biosynthetic pathway, modifications target driven addition phosphoethanolamine (PEtN) moieties to lipid A mediated chromosomal pmrCAB operon and eptA gene-encoded enzymes or plasmid-encoded mcr genes efflux from cell. In widespread heteroresistance another feature that leads failure. This review aims present critical assessment relevant published (>50 experimental papers) up-to-date knowledge on molecular with detailed implicated mutations global distribution colistin-resistant strains.

Language: Английский

---