Global Carbon Budget 2022

Earth system science data, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(11), P. 4811 - 4900

Published: Nov. 11, 2022

Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand global cycle, support development policies, project future change. Here we describe synthesize data sets methodologies quantify five major components budget uncertainties. Fossil CO2 (EFOS) are based on energy statistics cement production data, while from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, land use bookkeeping models. Atmospheric concentration measured directly, its growth rate (GATM) computed annual changes concentration. The ocean sink (SOCEAN) estimated with biogeochemistry models observation-based products. (SLAND) dynamic vegetation resulting imbalance (BIM), difference between total biosphere, measure imperfect understanding contemporary cycle. All uncertainties reported as ±1σ. For year 2021, EFOS increased by 5.1 % relative 2020, fossil at 10.1 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 (9.9 when carbonation included), ELUC was 1.1 0.7 yr−1, for emission (including sink) 10.9 0.8 (40.0 2.9 GtCO2). Also, GATM 5.2 0.2 (2.5 0.1 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN 0.4 SLAND 3.5 0.9 BIM −0.6 (i.e. sources were too low or sinks high). atmospheric averaged over 2021 reached 414.71 ppm. Preliminary 2022 suggest an increase +1.0 (0.1 1.9 %) globally reaching 417.2 ppm, more than 50 above pre-industrial levels (around 278 ppm). Overall, mean trend consistently period 1959–2021, but discrepancies up 1 persist representation semi-decadal variability fluxes. Comparison estimates multiple approaches observations shows (1) persistent large uncertainty estimate emissions, (2) agreement different methods magnitude flux northern extratropics, (3) discrepancy strength last decade. This living update documents used this new progress cycle compared previous publications set. presented work available https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2022 (Friedlingstein et al., 2022b).

Language: Английский

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Dynamic World, Near real-time global 10 m land use land cover mapping

Scientific Data, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: June 9, 2022

Unlike satellite images, which are typically acquired and processed in near-real-time, global land cover products have historically been produced on an annual basis, often with substantial lag times between image processing dataset release. We developed a new automated approach for globally consistent, high resolution, near real-time (NRT) use (LULC) classification leveraging deep learning 10 m Sentinel-2 imagery. utilize highly scalable cloud-based system to apply this provide open, continuous feed of LULC predictions parallel acquisitions. This first-of-its-kind NRT product, we collectively refer as Dynamic World, accommodates variety user needs ranging from extremely up-to-date data custom composites representing user-specified date ranges. Furthermore, the nature product's outputs enables refinement, extension, even redefinition classification. In combination, these unique attributes enable unprecedented flexibility diverse community users across disciplines.

Language: Английский

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The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation

Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 379(6630)

Published: Jan. 26, 2023

Approximately 2.5 × 106 square kilometers of the Amazon forest are currently degraded by fire, edge effects, timber extraction, and/or extreme drought, representing 38% all remaining forests in region. Carbon emissions from this degradation total up to 0.2 petagrams carbon per year (Pg C year-1), which is equivalent to, if not greater than, deforestation (0.06 0.21 Pg year-1). can reduce dry-season evapotranspiration 34% and cause as much biodiversity loss human-modified landscapes, generating uneven socioeconomic burdens, mainly dwellers. Projections indicate that will remain a dominant source independent rates. Policies tackle should be integrated with efforts curb complemented innovative measures addressing disturbances degrade forest.

Language: Английский

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Disentangling the numbers behind agriculture-driven tropical deforestation

Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 377(6611)

Published: Sept. 8, 2022

Tropical deforestation continues at alarming rates with profound impacts on ecosystems, climate, and livelihoods, prompting renewed commitments to halt its continuation. Although it is well established that agriculture a dominant driver of deforestation, mechanisms remain disputed often lack clear evidence base. We synthesize the best available pantropical provide clarity how drives deforestation. most (90 99%) across tropics 2011 2015 was driven by agriculture, only 45 65% deforested land became productive within few years. Therefore, ending likely requires combining measures create deforestation-free supply chains landscape governance interventions. highlight key remaining gaps including trends, commodity-specific land-use dynamics, data from tropical dry forests Africa.

Language: Английский

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Extreme Drought in the Brazilian Pantanal in 2019–2020: Characterization, Causes, and Impacts

Frontiers in Water, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 3

Published: Feb. 23, 2021

The Pantanal region in South America is one of the world's largest wetlands. Since 2019, has suffered a prolonged drought that spelled disaster for region, and subsequent fires have engulfed hundreds thousands hectares. lack rainfall during summers 2019 2020 was caused by reduced transport warm humid summer air from Amazonia into Pantanal. Instead, predominance warmer drier masses subtropical latitudes contributed to scarcity at peak monsoon season. This led extreme conditions across region. had severe impacts on hydrology Hydrometric levels fell all along Paraguay River. In 2020, river reached extremely low values, some sections this river, transportation be restricted. Very affected mobility people shipping soybeans minerals Atlantic Ocean Hidrovia -Paraná - Paraguai (Paraná-Paraguay Waterway). study directed better understand hydroclimatic aspects current Brazilian their natural human systems. As consequence drought, spread biodiversity as well agribusiness cattle ranching sectors. While serious socioecological economic consequences, we do not intend investigate effect downstream low-level waters ecosystems or risk fire.

Language: Английский

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The COVID-19 pandemic as an opportunity to weaken environmental protection in Brazil

Biological Conservation, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 255, P. 108994 - 108994

Published: Feb. 5, 2021

Language: Английский

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Hidden destruction of older forests threatens Brazil’s Atlantic Forest and challenges restoration programs

Science Advances, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 7(4)

Published: Jan. 20, 2021

Understanding the dynamics of native forest loss and gain is critical for biodiversity conservation ecosystem services, especially in regions experiencing intense transformations. We quantified cover on an annual basis from 1990 to 2017 Brazil’s Atlantic Forest. Despite relative stability during this period (~28 Mha), ongoing older forests, mostly flatter terrains, have been hidden by increasing younger cover, marginal lands mechanized agriculture. Changes its spatial distribution increased isolation 36.4% landscapes. The clearance forests associated with recut 27% has resulted a progressive rejuvenation cover. highlight need include spatiotemporal into restoration programs better estimate their expected benefits unexpected problems.

Language: Английский

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Assessing the role of compound drought and heatwave events on unprecedented 2020 wildfires in the Pantanal

Environmental Research Letters, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 17(1), P. 015005 - 015005

Published: Dec. 23, 2021

Abstract The year 2020 had the most catastrophic fire season over last two decades in Pantanal, which led to outstanding environmental impacts. Indeed, much of Pantanal has been affected by severe dry conditions since 2019, with evidence 2020’s drought being extreme and widespread ever recorded 70 years. Although it is unquestionable that this mega-drought contributed significantly increase risk, so far, analyzed at univariate level a single climate event, not considering co-occurrence persistent temperatures soil dryness conditions. Here, we show similarly other areas globe, influence land-atmosphere feedbacks decisively simultaneous occurrence hot spells (HPs), exacerbating risk. ideal synoptic for strong atmospheric heating large evaporation rates were present, particular during HPs, when maximum temperature was, on average, 6 °C above normal. short span period those compound drought-heatwave (CDHW) events accounted 55% burned area 2020. vulnerability northern forested was higher than areas, revealing synergistic effect between fuel availability weather-hydrological Accordingly, where limiting factor, activity tends be more modelled CDHW events. Our work advances beyond an isolated event-level basis towards cascading natural hazards approach, simultaneously estimating contribution heatwaves fuelling outbreaks such as Thus, these findings are relevant within broader context, driving mechanisms apply across ecosystems, implying flammability further efforts monitoring predicting

Language: Английский

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Long-term monitoring of evapotranspiration using the SEBAL algorithm and Google Earth Engine cloud computing

ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 178, P. 81 - 96

Published: June 17, 2021

Language: Английский

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A Synthesis of Land Use/Land Cover Studies: Definitions, Classification Systems, Meta-Studies, Challenges and Knowledge Gaps on a Global Landscape

Land, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10(9), P. 994 - 994

Published: Sept. 21, 2021

Land is a natural resource that humans have utilized for life and various activities. use/land cover change (LULCC) has been of great concern to many countries over the years. Some main reasons behind LULCC are rapid population growth, migration, conversion rural urban areas. LULC considerable impact on land-atmosphere/climate interactions. Over past two decades, numerous studies conducted in investigated areas field LULC. However, assemblage information missing some aspects. Therefore, provide coherent guidance, literature review scrutinize evaluate particular topical employed. This research study collected approximately four hundred articles five (5) interest, including (1) definitions; (2) classification systems used classify globally; (3) direct indirect changes meta-studies associated with LULC; (4) challenges knowledge gaps. The synthesis revealed definitions carried vital terms, at national, regional, global scales. Most were categories land changes. Additionally, analysis showed significant data consistency quality. gaps highlighted fall ecosystem services, forestry, data/image modeling Core findings exhibit common patterns, discrepancies, relationships from multiple studies. While as tool similarities among studies, our results recommend researchers endeavor perform further promote overall understanding, since investigations will continue

Language: Английский

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