Transmission dynamics and pathogenesis differ between pheasants and partridges infected with clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 and H5N1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses DOI Open Access
Amanda H. Seekings, Yuan Liang, Caroline J. Warren

et al.

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Sept. 22, 2023

Abstract During the UK 2020-2021 epizootic of H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b high-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), high mortality occurred during incursions in commercially farmed common pheasants ( Phasianus colchicus) . Two pheasant farms, affected separately by H5N8 and H5N1 subtypes, included adjacently housed red-legged partridges Alectoris rufa ), which appeared to be unaffected. Despite extensive ongoing epizootics, HPAIV partridge outbreaks were not reported 2021-2022 UK, so it is postulated that are more resistant infection than other gamebirds. To assess this, pathogenesis both intra- inter-species transmission pheasant-origin H5N8-2021 H5N1-2021 HPAIVs investigated. Onward chickens was also assessed better understand risk spread from gamebirds commercial poultry sectors. A lower infectious dose required infect with compared H5N1-2021. However, systemic dissemination multiple organs within rapid following H5N8-2021, former attaining generally higher viral RNA levels tissues. Intraspecies contact successful for associated environmental contamination, while interspecies a first chicken-contact group efficient. further onward additional chicken contacts only achieved Intra-partridge when high-dose administered, inoculated failed shed transmit, although tissue tropism observed viruses. Mortalities among infected featured longer incubation period pheasants, Therefore, susceptibility different gamebird species pathogenicity outcomes varies, but represent greater likelihood introduction into galliforme settings. Consequently, maintenance populations risks warrant enhanced investigation.

Language: Английский

Multivalent Inactivated Vaccine Protects Chickens from Distinct Clades of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Subtypes H5N1 and H5N8 DOI Creative Commons
Walid H. Kilany,

Marwa Safwat,

Mohamed A. Zain El‐Abideen

et al.

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 13(2), P. 204 - 204

Published: Feb. 19, 2025

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 subtype remains a significant menace to both the poultry industry and human public health. Biosecurity mass vaccination of susceptible commercial flocks are crucial reduce devastating economic loss hinder evolution virus. In this study, we developed multivalent virus (AIV) vaccine, including strains representing HPAI 2.2.1.1., 2.2.1.2., 2.3.4.4b clades circulating in Egypt Middle East. Specific pathogen-free (SPF) two-week-old chickens were vaccinated with single vaccine shot observed for four weeks post-vaccination before being challenged. The challenge experiment involved using one strain H5N1 clade 2.2.1.2 two H5N8 derived from ducks. To assess vaccine's potency efficacy, pre-challenge humoral immune response post-challenge survival shedding evaluated. Results: All birds exhibited 100% seroconversion 2 (2 WPV). addition, protective antibody titers against each diagnostic antigen, i.e., 7.8 ± 1.8 (H5N1, 2.2.1.2), 10.0 0.0 2.2.1.1), 7.5 0.9 (H5N8, 2.3.4.4b) detected 3 WPV. achieved complete protection (100%) all viruses no disease symptoms. statistically reduction oropharyngeal days (DPC). This study illustrated that application genetic-matching whole AIV under laboratory conditions elicits adequate challenge, clades. has potential be choice broad range raised field endemic areas.

Language: Английский

Citations

1
Pathogenicity of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A/H5Nx Viruses in Avian and Murine Models DOI Creative Commons
Sara H. Mahmoud, Marwa S. Khattab, Nahed Yehia

et al.

Pathogens, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(2), P. 149 - 149

Published: Feb. 4, 2025

The evolution and adaptation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses pose ongoing challenges for animal public health. We investigated the characteristics newly emerged H5N1/2022 H5N8/2022 clade 2.3.4.4b compared to previously circulating H5N1/2016 2.2.1.2 in Egypt using both murine models. All strains demonstrated a 100% mortality chickens after intranasal inoculation (106 EID50), while strain showing significantly higher viral shedding (8.34 ± 0.55 log10 EID50). Contact transmission rates varied between (50% clade). In mouse model, infection resulted an 80% rate with significant weight loss virus replication organs. contrast, had 60% 40% rates, respectively. An histopathological analysis revealed pronounced lesions tissues infected mice, most severe found group. These findings suggest decreased pathogenicity newer H5Nx mammalian models, emphasizing need continued surveillance adaptive control strategies.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Pathogenic and Antigenic Analyses of H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Isolated in the 2022/2023 Season From Poultry Farms in Izumi City, Japan DOI Creative Commons
Hayate Nishiura, Asuka Kumagai,

Miki Maeda

et al.

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 2025(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

During the winter of 2022/2023, Japan experienced its largest outbreak high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI), affecting 84 poultry premises. In this study, we investigated and antigenicity A/chicken/Kagoshima/22A1T/2022 (Kagoshima/22A1T), a clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 virus belonging to G2b group. It was isolated from farm in Izumi City, where number consecutive cases recorded. The 50% lethal dose, mean death time (MDT), amount shed, transmissibility chickens Kagoshima/22A1T were similar those A/chicken/Kagoshima/21A6T/2022 (Kagoshima/21A6T), previous season’s isolate same group, indicating that their pathogenicities comparable. However, these isolates differed according hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test results. We found amino acid substitutions residues 189 193, corresponding antigenic site B H3 HA1 subunit, could have an impact on HI cross‐reactivity Kagoshima/21A6T. This study provides important insights into factors contributing HPAI outbreaks farms City during 2022/2023 season prediction changes group viruses.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
High Resolution Melting (HRM) analysis for rapid risk assessment of reassortment of avian H5N1 influenza virus with circulating human influenza virus DOI
Rosaria Arvia, Maria Alfreda Stincarelli,

Mattia Civinini

et al.

Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 116900 - 116900

Published: May 1, 2025

Language: Английский

Citations

0
A multi-species, multi-pathogen avian viral disease outbreak event: Investigating potential for virus transmission at the wild bird – poultry interface DOI Creative Commons
Scott M. Reid, Alexander M. P. Byrne, Fabian Z. X. Lean

et al.

Emerging Microbes & Infections, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: April 30, 2024

A free-range organic broiler (Gallus gallus domesticus) premises in Staffordshire was infected by high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N8 during the 2020-2021 epizootic United Kingdom (UK). Following initial confirmation of infection poultry, multiple wild bird species were seen scavenging on chicken carcasses. Detected dead birds subsequently demonstrated to have been and succumbed HPAIV H5N8. Initially, species, magpie (Pica pica) raven (Corvus corax), found but over following days, buzzards (Buteo buteo) also within local area with positive detection submitted The subacute nature microscopic lesions a buzzard consistent timeframe infection. Finally, considerable number free-living pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) surrounding area, carcasses having higher viral antigen loads compared chickens. Limited dissemination observed magpie, buzzard. Further, an avirulent paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) detected poultry samples as well viscera HPAIV. Immunohistochemistry did not reveal colocalization antigens lesions, supporting APMV-1 Overall, this case highlights scenarios which bi-directional transmission diseases between commercial may occur. It underlines importance bio separation reduced access when pressure from is high.

Language: Английский

Citations

3
Assessment of Survival Kinetics for Emergent Highly Pathogenic Clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx Avian Influenza Viruses DOI Creative Commons
Caroline J. Warren, Sharon M. Brookes, Mark Arnold

et al.

Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(6), P. 889 - 889

Published: May 31, 2024

High pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) cause high morbidity and mortality in poultry species. HPAIV prevalence means numbers of infected wild birds could lead to spill over events for farmed poultry. How these pathogens survive the environment is important disease maintenance potential dissemination. We evaluated temperature-associated survival kinetics five clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx HPAIVs (UK field strains between 2014 2021) incubated at up three temperatures ten weeks. The selected represented northern European winter (4 °C) summer (20 °C); a southern temperature (30 °C). For each HPAIV, time days reduce viral infectivity by 90% T was established (DT), showing that lower incubation prolonged virus (stability), where DT ranged from fastest loss observed 30 °C. Extrapolation graphical plots x-axis intercept provided corresponding extinction decay. Statistical tests difference values times strain indicated majority displayed different other 4 °C 20

Language: Английский

Citations

2
Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) from the 2021/22 epizootic is highly duck adapted and poorly adapted to chickens DOI Open Access
Joe James, Elizabeth Billington, Caroline J. Warren

et al.

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 7, 2023

Abstract The 2021/2022 epizootic of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAIV) remains one the largest ever in UK, being caused by a clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV. This affected more than 145 poultry premises, most likely through independent incursion from infected wild birds, supported 1700 individual detections bird mortalities. Here an HPAIV, representative this (H5N1-21), was used to investigate its virulence, pathogenesis and transmission layer chickens pekin ducks, two species epidemiological importance. We inoculated both with decreasing H5N1-21 doses. virus highly infectious infection levels accompanying shedding viral RNA, even ducks lowest dose, reflecting strong waterfowl adaptation 2.3.4.4 HPAIVs. Duck-to-duck very efficient, coupled environmental contamination. frequently detected water sources, serving as sources for but inhalable dust aerosols represented low risks. In contrast, highest dose exhibited lower rates compared ducks. There no evidence experimental any naive chickens, stocking density scenarios, minimal infrequent contamination chicken environment. Systemic dissemination multiple organs reflected mortalities species. summary, is transmissible anseriformes, yet comparatively poorly adapted galliformes, supporting host preferences waterfowl. Key matrices were also identified important spread during continuing epizootic.

Language: Английский

Citations

4
Transmission dynamics and pathogenesis differ between pheasants and partridges infected with clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 and H5N1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses DOI
Amanda H. Seekings, Yuan Liang, Caroline J. Warren

et al.

Journal of General Virology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 105(1)

Published: Jan. 30, 2024

During the UK 2020–2021 epizootic of H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b high-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), high mortality occurred during incursions in commercially farmed common pheasants ( Phasianus colchicus ). Two pheasant farms, affected separately by H5N8 and H5N1 subtypes, included adjacently housed red-legged partridges Alectoris rufa ), which appeared to be unaffected. Despite extensive ongoing epizootics, HPAIV partridge outbreaks were not reported 2021–2022 UK, so it is postulated that are more resistant infection than other gamebirds. To assess this, pathogenesis both intra- inter-species transmission pheasant-origin H5N8-2021 H5N1-2021 HPAIVs investigated. Onward chickens was also assessed better understand risk spread from gamebirds commercial poultry sectors. A lower infectious dose required infect with compared H5N1-2021. However, systemic dissemination multiple organs within rapid following H5N8-2021, former attaining generally higher viral RNA levels tissues. Intraspecies contact successful for associated environmental contamination, while interspecies a first chicken-contact group efficient. further onward additional chicken contacts only achieved Intra-partridge when high-dose administered, inoculated failed shed transmit, although tissue tropism observed viruses. Mortalities among infected featured longer incubation period pheasants, Therefore, susceptibility different gamebird species pathogenicity outcomes varies, but represent greater likelihood introduction into galliforme settings. Consequently, maintenance populations risks warrant enhanced investigation.

Language: Английский

Citations

1
Outbreaks of H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza in South Africa in 2023 Were Caused by Two Distinct Sub-Genotypes of Clade 2.3.4.4b Viruses DOI Creative Commons
Célia Abolnik, Laura C. Roberts, Christine Strydom

et al.

Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(6), P. 896 - 896

Published: May 31, 2024

In 2023, South Africa continued to experience sporadic cases of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) in coastal seabirds and poultry. Active environmental surveillance determined that H5Nx, H7Nx, H9Nx, H11Nx, H6N2, H12N2, amongst other unidentified subtypes, circulated wild birds ostriches but H5Nx was predominant. Genome sequencing phylogenetic analysis confirmed HPAI only two the fifteen sub-genotypes 2021–2022 still persisted 2023. Sub-genotype SA13 remained restricted seabirds, with accelerated mutations observed neuraminidase protein. SA15 caused chicken outbreaks, outbreaks Paardeberg George areas, Western Cape province, Camperdown region KwaZulu-Natal province were unrelated each other, implicating as source. All viruses contained a truncation PB1-F2 gene, viruses, PA-X putatively expressed novel isoform eight additional amino acids. African had comparatively fewer markers virulence pathogenicity compared European strains, possible reason why no spillover mammals has occurred here yet.

Language: Английский

Citations

1
Utilizing citizen science data to rapidly assess changing associations between wild birds and avian influenza outbreaks in poultry DOI Creative Commons
Stephen H. Vickers, Jayna Raghwani, Ashley C. Banyard

et al.

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 291(2031)

Published: Sept. 1, 2024

High pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is a rapidly evolving causing significant economic and environmental harm. Wild birds are key viral reservoir an important source of incursions into animal populations, including poultry. However, we lack thorough understanding which species drive whether this changes over time. We explored associations between the abundances 152 outbreaks highly pathogenic (HPAI) in poultry premises across Great Britain October 2021 January 2023. Spatial generalized additive models were used, with abundance distributions sourced from eBird. Associations investigated at species-specific level aggregations. During autumn/winter, generally strongest waterbirds such as ducks geese; however, also found groups non-native gamebirds rapid change Our results demonstrate value citizen science to explore wild potential facilitators disease well-monitored especially regions where surveillance limited. This can be critical step towards prioritizing targeted that could inform biosecurity measures; particularly for HPAIV, has undergone sudden shifts host range continues evolve.

Language: Английский

Citations

1