The
new
class
of
mRNA
vaccines
is
studied
extensively,
leading
to
many
novel
prospects
based
on
the
pivotal
success
against
SARS-Cov-2
virus.
Many
mechanisms
immune
response
discovered
have
led
possibility
mutation-resistant
by
combining
multiple
conserved
epitopes
as
antigens
manipulate
T-cell
and
B-cell
responses;
these
can
also
come
from
different
organisms,
providing
protection
numerous
diseases
most
tremendous
significance
utility
in
preventing
treating
more
than
100
autoimmune
disorders.
This
a
significant
humanitarian
breakthrough
given
ease
faster
low
cost
vaccines,
being
chemical
entity.
paper
provides
prospective
analysis
with
much
broader
applications
anticipated
when
entered
infections.
Since
the
onset
of
coronavirus
disease
2019
(COVID-19),
numerous
neutralizing
antibodies
(NAbs)
against
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
2
(SARS-CoV-2)
have
been
developed
and
authorized
for
emergency
use
to
control
pandemic.
Most
COVID-19
therapeutic
NAbs
prevent
S1
subunit
SARS-CoV-2
spike
(S)
protein
from
binding
human
host
receptor.
However,
emergence
immune
escape
variants,
which
possess
frequent
mutations
on
subunit,
may
render
current
ineffective.
In
contrast,
relatively
conserved
S2
S
can
elicit
with
broader
potency
various
variants.
this
review,
specificity
functional
features
targeting
different
domains
are
collectively
discussed.
The
knowledge
learned
investigation
S2-specific
provides
insights
potential
strategies
developing
antibody
cocktail
therapy
next-generation
vaccine.
PubMed,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
50(2), P. 61 - 68
Published: Feb. 1, 2025
T-cell-mediated
immunity
is
essential
for
controlling
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
coronavirus
2
(SARSCoV2)
infection,
preventing
disease,
and
potentially
reducing
the
risk
of
long-term
disease
(COVID).
This
study
investigated
impact
natural
vaccination,
hybrid
on
T-cell
responses,
with
a
particular
emphasis
role
memory
T-cells
in
COVID-19.
The
present
reviewed
current
literature
including
development,
individuals
SARS-CoV-2
those
vaccinated
messenger
RNA
(mRNA)
vaccines,
immunity.
It
examined
studies
that
compared
activity,
immune
regulation,
prevalence
COVID-19
across
these
groups.
Natural
infection
induces
variable
cases
showing
stronger
but
sometimes
dysregulated
immunological
which
may
contribute
to
prolonged
Vaccination,
particularly
mRNA
elicits
targeted
consistent
T-cells,
severity,
incidence
Hybrid
combines
provides
most
robust
protection,
enhanceds
reduces
through
balanced
regulation.
Memory
play
critical
mitigating
Vaccination
significantly
enhances
immunity,
minimizing
chronic
symptoms
alone.
effective
defense,
emphasizing
importance
even
after
prevent
ACS Nano,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
18(27), P. 17749 - 17763
Published: June 27, 2024
The
rapid
development
of
the
SARS-CoV-2
vaccine
has
been
used
to
prevent
spread
coronavirus
2019
(COVID-19).
However,
ongoing
and
future
pandemics
caused
by
variants
mutations
underscore
need
for
effective
vaccines
that
provide
broad-spectrum
protection.
Here,
we
developed
a
nanoparticle
with
broad
protection
against
divergent
variants.
corresponding
conserved
epitopes
preexisting
neutralizing
(CePn)
antibody
were
presented
on
self-assembling
Helicobacter
pylori
ferritin
generate
CePnF
nanoparticle.
Intranasal
immunization
mice
nanoparticles
induced
robust
humoral,
cellular,
mucosal
immune
responses
long-lasting
immunity.
CePnF-induced
antibodies
exhibited
cross-reactivity
activity
different
coronaviruses
(CoVs).
vaccination
significantly
inhibited
replication
pathology
Delta,
WIV04,
Omicron
strains
in
hACE2
transgenic
and,
thus,
conferred
these
Our
constructed
nanovaccine
targeting
can
serve
as
promising
candidate
universal
vaccine.
Currently,
SARS-CoV-2
has
evolved
into
various
variants,
including
the
numerous
highly
mutated
Omicron
sub-lineages,
significantly
increasing
immune
evasion
ability.
The
development
raises
concerns
about
possibly
diminished
effectiveness
of
available
vaccines
and
antibody-based
therapeutics.
Here,
we
describe
those
representative
categories
broadly
neutralizing
antibodies
(bnAbs)
that
retain
prominent
against
emerging
variants
sub-lineages.
molecular
characteristics,
epitope
conservation,
resistance
mechanisms
these
are
further
detailed,
aiming
to
offer
suggestion
or
direction
for
therapeutic
antibodies,
facilitate
vaccine
design
with
broad-spectrum
potential.
Viruses,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
16(6), P. 900 - 900
Published: June 1, 2024
Currently,
SARS-CoV-2
has
evolved
into
various
variants,
including
the
numerous
highly
mutated
Omicron
sub-lineages,
significantly
increasing
immune
evasion
ability.
The
development
raises
concerns
about
possibly
diminished
effectiveness
of
available
vaccines
and
antibody-based
therapeutics.
Here,
we
describe
those
representative
categories
broadly
neutralizing
antibodies
(bnAbs)
that
retain
prominent
against
emerging
variants
sub-lineages.
molecular
characteristics,
epitope
conservation,
resistance
mechanisms
these
are
further
detailed,
aiming
to
offer
suggestion
or
direction
for
therapeutic
antibodies,
facilitate
design
with
broad-spectrum
potential.
Research Square (Research Square),
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Jan. 8, 2025
Abstract
The
objective
of
this
study
was
to
investigate
the
features
immune
protection
against
SARS-CoV-2
infection
in
a
single
cohort
during
6–17
months
following
booster
immunization
with
an
mRNA-based
vaccine.
results
illustrate
influence
humoral
and
cellular
immunity
on
efficacy
Notably,
neutralizing
antibody
titers
were
found
serve
as
reasonably
reliable
correlate
prior
immunization.
However,
predictive
power
largely
lost
after
boosting.
loss
appears
be
due
critical
remodeling
response
Our
findings
support
hypothesis
that
both
conserved
non-conserved
epitopes
viral
Spike
protein's
receptor-binding
domain
(RBD)
is
crucial
for
optimal
long-term
Omicron
infection.
While
may
provide
cross-variant
protection,
antibodies
targeting
RBD
play
pivotal
role
achieving
maximum
protection.
These
observations
highlight
repeated
shaping
landscape
reinforce
necessity
considering
components,
alongside
intended
use
considerations,
when
assessing
vaccine
developing
future
strategies.
PLoS ONE,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
20(1), P. e0306200 - e0306200
Published: Jan. 10, 2025
The
global
public
health
risk
posed
by
Salmonella
Kentucky
(
S
.
Kentucky)
is
rising,
particularly
due
to
the
dissemination
of
antimicrobial
resistance
genes
in
human
and
animal
populations.
This
serovar,
widespread
Africa,
has
emerged
as
a
notable
cause
non-typhoidal
gastroenteritis
humans.
In
this
study,
we
used
bioinformatics
approach
develop
peptide-based
vaccine
targeting
epitopes
from
outer
membrane
proteins
A,
C,
F
Kentucky.
Additionally,
employed
flagellin
protein
fliC
)
Typhimurium
Typhimurium)
an
adjuvant
enhance
vaccine’s
effectiveness.
Through
approach,
identified
14
CD8+
7
CD4+
T-cell
epitopes,
which
are
predicted
be
restricted
various
MHC
class
I
II
alleles.
expected
achieve
population
coverage
94.91%
when
formulations.
Furthermore,
seven
highly
immunogenic
linear
B-cell
three
conformational
epitopes.
These
were
then
linked
using
appropriate
linkers
create
multi-epitope
(MEV).
To
boost
immunogenicity
peptide
construct,
was
included
at
N-terminal.
resulting
MEV
construct
demonstrated
high
structural
quality
favorable
physicochemical
properties.
Molecular
docking
studies
with
Toll-like
receptors
1,
2,
4,
5,
followed
molecular
dynamic
simulations,
suggested
that
vaccine-receptor
complexes
energetically
feasible,
stable,
robust.
Immune
simulation
results
showed
elicited
significant
responses,
including
IgG,
IgM,
T-cells,
cytokines
(IFN-γ,
TGF-β,
IL-2,
IL-10,
IL-12),
along
noticeable
reduction
antigen
levels.
Despite
these
promising
in-silico
findings,
further
validation
through
preclinical
clinical
trials
required
confirm
efficacy
safety.
