SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: The Advantage of Mucosal Vaccine Delivery and Local Immunity

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(7), P. 795 - 795

Published: July 18, 2024

Immunity against respiratory pathogens is often short-term, and, consequently, there an unmet need for the effective prevention of such infections. One infectious disease coronavirus 19 (COVID-19), which caused by novel Beta SARS-CoV-2 that emerged around end 2019. The World Health Organization declared illness a pandemic on 11 March 2020, and since then it has killed or sickened millions people globally. development COVID-19 systemic vaccines, impressively led to significant reduction in severity, hospitalization, mortality, contained pandemic’s expansion. However, these vaccines have not been able stop virus from spreading because restricted mucosal immunity. As result, breakthrough infections frequently occurred, new strains emerging. Furthermore, will likely continue circulate like influenza virus, co-exist with humans. upper tract nasal cavity are primary sites infection thus, mucosal/nasal vaccination induce response virus’ transmission warranted. In this review, we present status both approved those under evaluation clinical trials. our approach B-cell peptide-based applied prime-boost schedule elicit

Language: Английский

Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccination Among Recipients of Solid Organ Transplants

The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 228(Supplement_1), P. S34 - S45

Published: May 24, 2023

Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) are at high risk for infections including SARS-CoV-2, primarily due to use of immunosuppressive therapies that prevent rejection. Furthermore, these immunosuppressants typically associated with suboptimal responses vaccination. While COVID-19 vaccines have reduced the COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality in SOTRs, breakthrough infection rates death remain higher this population compared immunocompetent individuals. Approaches enhancing response such as through administration additional doses heterologous vaccination, resulted increased seroresponse antibody levels. In article, safety immunogenicity mRNA SOTRs explored by dose. Key considerations clinical practice current vaccine recommendations discussed within context dynamic vaccination guideline landscape. A thorough understanding topics is essential determining public health strategies help protect immunocompromised populations, SOTRs.

Language: Английский

Predicting Efficacies of Fractional Doses of Vaccines by Using Neutralizing Antibody Levels: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 10, P. e49812 - e49812

Published: July 12, 2024

Abstract Background With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that have eluded immunity from vaccines and prior infections, vaccine shortages effectiveness pose unprecedented challenges for governments in expanding booster vaccination programs. The fractionation doses might be an effective strategy helping society to face these challenges, as fractional may efficacies comparable with those standard doses. Objective This study aims investigate relationship between immunogenicity protection project COVID-19 by using neutralizing antibody levels. Methods In this study, we analyzed vitro neutralization levels observed against both asymptomatic infection symptomatic infection, data 13 studies 10 convalescent cohorts. We further projected doses, intermediate variable, based on 51 included our systematic review. Results comparisons level, efficacy increased 8.8% (95% CI 1.4%-16.1%) 71.8% 63%-80.7%) 33.6% 23.6%-43.6%) 98.6% 97.6%-99.7%), respectively, mean level 0.1 folds level. Additionally, mRNA provided strongest protection, which decreased slowly dosing dosages 50% 100% dose. also although rate increase was slower than infection. Conclusions Our results are consistent immune Based expect fractional-dose could provide partial its variants. findings a theoretical basis vaccines, serving reference evidence implementing policies areas facing thereby mitigating disease burden. Fractional-dose viable full-dose deserves exploration.

Language: Английский