Role of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Protein-Induced Activation of Microglia and Mast Cells in the Pathogenesis of Neuro-COVID

Cells, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(5), P. 688 - 688

Published: Feb. 22, 2023

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes disease 2019 (COVID-19). About 45% of COVID-19 patients experience several symptoms a few months after the initial infection and develop post-acute sequelae SARS-CoV-2 (PASC), referred to as “Long-COVID,” characterized by persistent physical mental fatigue. However, exact pathogenetic mechanisms affecting brain are still not well-understood. There is increasing evidence neurovascular inflammation in brain. precise role neuroinflammatory response that contributes severity long COVID pathogenesis clearly understood. Here, we review reports spike protein can cause blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction damage neurons either directly, or via activation mast cells microglia release various molecules. Moreover, provide recent novel flavanol eriodictyol particularly suited for development an effective treatment alone together with oleuropein sulforaphane (ViralProtek®), all which have potent anti-viral anti-inflammatory actions.

Language: Английский

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Long COVID, the Brain, Nerves, and Cognitive Function

Neurology International, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(3), P. 821 - 841

Published: July 6, 2023

SARS-CoV-2, a single-stranded RNA coronavirus, causes an illness known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Long-term complications are increasing issue in patients who have been infected with COVID-19 and may be result of viral-associated systemic central nervous system inflammation or arise from virus-induced hypercoagulable state. incite changes brain function wide range lingering symptoms. Patients often experience fatigue note fog, sensorimotor symptoms, sleep disturbances. Prolonged neurological neuropsychiatric symptoms prevalent can interfere substantially everyday life, leading to massive public health concern. The mechanistic pathways by which SARS-CoV-2 infection sequelae important subject ongoing research. Inflammation- induced blood-brain barrier permeability viral neuro-invasion direct nerve damage involved. Though the mechanisms uncertain, resulting documented numerous patient reports studies. This review examines constellation spectrum seen long COVID incorporates information on prevalence these contributing factors, typical course. Although treatment options generally lacking, potential therapeutic approaches for alleviating improving quality life explored.

Language: Английский

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Short- and long-term neuropsychiatric outcomes in long COVID in South Korea and Japan

Nature Human Behaviour, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 8(8), P. 1530 - 1544

Published: June 25, 2024

Language: Английский

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The knowns and unknowns of long COVID-19: from mechanisms to therapeutical approaches

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: March 4, 2024

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been defined as the greatest global health and socioeconomic crisis of modern times. While most people recover after being infected with virus, a significant proportion them continue to experience issues weeks, months even years acute infection SARS-CoV-2. This persistence clinical symptoms in individuals for at least three onset or emergence new lasting more than two months, without any other explanation alternative diagnosis have named long COVID, long-haul post-COVID-19 conditions, chronic post-acute sequelae (PASC). Long COVID characterized constellation disorders that vary widely their manifestations. Further, mechanisms underlying are not fully understood, which hamper efficient treatment options. review describes predictors common related COVID's effects on central peripheral nervous system organs tissues. Furthermore, transcriptional markers, molecular signaling pathways risk factors such sex, age, pre-existing condition, hospitalization during phase COVID-19, vaccination, lifestyle presented. Finally, recommendations patient rehabilitation management, well therapeutical approaches discussed. Understanding complexity this disease, its across multiple organ systems overlapping pathologies possible paramount developing diagnostic tools treatments.

Language: Английский

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Neurological post‐acute sequelae of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection

Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 77(2), P. 72 - 83

Published: Sept. 23, 2022

The novel coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), can have two phases: (generally 4 weeks after onset) and chronic (>4 onset). Both phases include a wide variety of signs symptoms including neurological psychiatric symptoms. that are considered sequelae COVID‐19 termed post‐COVID condition, long COVID‐19, post‐acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (PASC). PASC fatigue, dyspnea, palpitation, dysosmia, subfever, hypertension, alopecia, sleep problems, loss concentration, amnesia, numbness, pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, depression, anxiety. Because the specific pathophysiology has not yet been clarified, there no definite criteria hence World Health Organization's definition is quite broad. Consequently, it difficult to correctly diagnose PASC. Approximately 50% patients may show at least one symptom up 12 months infection; however, exact prevalence determined. Despite extensive research in progress worldwide, currently clear diagnostic methodologies or treatments for In this review, we discuss available information on highlight infection. Furthermore, provide clinical suggestions diagnosing caring with based our outpatient clinic experience.

Language: Английский

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Virus-induced brain pathology and the neuroinflammation-inflammation continuum: the neurochemists view

Journal of Neural Transmission, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 23, 2024

Abstract Fascinatingly, an abundance of recent studies has subscribed to the importance cytotoxic immune mechanisms that appear increase risk/trigger for many progressive neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. Events associated with neuroinflammatory cascades, such as ageing, immunologic dysfunction, eventually disruption blood–brain barrier “cytokine storm”, be orchestrated mainly through activation microglial cells communication neurons. The inflammatory processes prompt cellular protein dyshomeostasis. share a common feature marked by characteristic pathological hallmarks abnormal neuronal accumulation. These Lewy bodies contain misfolded α-synuclein aggregates in PD or case AD, they are Aβ deposits tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles. Subsequently, these further elicit neurotoxic events which contribute onset neurodegeneration its progression aggravation neuroinflammation. However, there is caveat exclusively linking neuroinflammation neurodegeneration, since it’s highly unlikely dysregulation only factor contributes manifestation disorders. It unquestionably complex interaction other factors genetics, age, environment. This endorses “multiple hit hypothesis”. Consequently, if host genetic susceptibility coupled age-related weakened system, this makes them more susceptible virus/bacteria-related infection. may trigger chronic leading dyshomeostasis accumulation, finally, lead destruction. Here, we differentiate “neuroinflammation” “inflammation” regard involvement barrier, seems intact but defect inflammation. There neuroinflammation-inflammation continuum virus-induced brain affection. Therefore, propose staging process, might developed adding blood- CSF parameters, their stage-dependent composition severeness grade. If so, suitable optimise therapeutic strategies fight beginning avoid inflammation at all.

Language: Английский

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The Psychiatric Consequences of Long-COVID: A Scoping Review

Journal of Personalized Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(11), P. 1767 - 1767

Published: Oct. 26, 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has represented a new form of traumatic event, affecting the general population worldwide and causing severe disruption daily routine. A urgent concern is related to burden associated with symptoms that persist beyond onset infection, so-called long-COVID syndrome. present paper aims to: (1) describe most frequent psychiatric reported by patients affected syndrome; (2) evaluate methodological discrepancies among available studies; (3) inform clinicians policy-makers on possible strategies be promoted in order manage consequences Twenty-one papers have been included review, mostly cross-sectional or cohort design. Significant heterogeneity syndrome definitions was found. presence evaluated very different assessment tools. common fatigue, cognitive disturbances/impairment, depression, anxiety symptoms. rate fatigue varied from 93.2–82.3% 11.5%, impairment/cognitive dysfunction 61.4% 23.5% depressive-anxiety 23.5%to 9.5%.

Language: Английский

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Persisting Shadows: Unraveling the Impact of Long COVID-19 on Respiratory, Cardiovascular, and Nervous Systems

Infectious Disease Reports, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(6), P. 806 - 830

Published: Dec. 15, 2023

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), instigated by the zoonotic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), rapidly transformed from an outbreak in Wuhan, China, into a widespread global pandemic. A significant post-infection condition, known as 'long- COVID-19' (or simply COVID'), emerges substantial subset of patients, manifesting with constellation over 200 reported symptoms that span multiple organ systems. This also 'post-acute sequelae SARS-CoV-2 infection' (PASC), presents perplexing clinical picture far-reaching implications, often persisting long after acute phase. While initial research focused on immediate pulmonary impact virus, recognition COVID-19 multiorgan disruptor has unveiled gamut protracted and severe health issues. review summarizes primary effects COVID respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous It delves mechanisms underlying these impacts underscores critical need for comprehensive understanding COVID's pathogenesis.

Language: Английский

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The Aftermath of COVID-19: Exploring the Long-Term Effects on Organ Systems

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(4), P. 913 - 913

Published: April 20, 2024

Background: Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) is a complicated disease that affects millions people all over the world. Previous studies have shown PASC impacts 10% infected patients which 50–70% are hospitalised. It has also been 10–12% those vaccinated against COVID-19 were affected by and its complications. The severity later development symptoms positively associated with early intensity infection. Results: generated health complications caused involve vast variety organ systems. Patients diagnosed neuropsychiatric neurological symptoms. cardiovascular system involved several diseases such as myocarditis, pericarditis, coronary artery reported. Chronic hematological problems thrombotic endothelialitis hypercoagulability described conditions could increase risk clotting disorders coagulopathy in patients. Chest pain, breathlessness, cough respiratory long-COVID causing distress syndrome. observed immune notable, involving diseases. renal was impacted, resulted raising issues, fibrosis, sepsis. Endocrine gland malfunction can lead to diabetes, thyroiditis, male infertility. Symptoms diarrhea, nausea, loss appetite, taste among reported observations due gastrointestinal disorders. Skin abnormalities might be an indication long-term implications persistent cutaneous complaints linked PASC. Conclusions: Long-COVID multidimensional syndrome considerable public implications, affecting physiological systems demanding thorough medical therapy, more study address underlying causes effects needed.

Language: Английский

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Review of organ damage from COVID and Long COVID: a disease with a spectrum of pathology

Medical Review, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 5(1), P. 66 - 75

Published: July 1, 2024

Long COVID, as currently defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other authorities, is a symptomatic condition that has been shown to affect an estimated 10 %-30 % of non-hospitalized patients after one infection. However, COVID-19 can also cause organ damage in individuals without symptoms, who would not fall under current definition COVID. This damage, whether or not, lead various health impacts such heart attacks strokes. Given these observations, it necessary either expand COVID include recognize COVID-19-induced distinct affecting many asymptomatic infections. It important consider known adverse outcomes, including conditions cancers, be until harm thresholds are reached. Many more medical identified testing than those recognized through reported symptoms. therefore similarly while symptoms associated with there have displaying this characterization monitoring

Language: Английский

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