Research Square (Research Square),
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: April 3, 2025
This
study
investigates
the
therapeutic
effectiveness
of
intranasal
dantrolene
nanoparticles
pretreatment
to
inhibit
lipopolysaccharide
(LPS)-induced
pathological
inflammation
and
synapse
destruction
depressive
anxiety
behavior
in
mice.
B6SJLF1/J
adult
mice
were
pretreated
with
(dantrolene:
5mg/kg),
daily,
Monday
Friday,
5
days
per
week,
for
4
weeks.
Then,
treated
an
intraperitoneal
injection
LPS
(5mg/kg)
one
time.
Behavioral
tests
depression
performed
24
hours
after
a
one-time
injection.
Biomarkers
pyroptosis-related
cytokines
(IL-1β
IL-18)
blood
brain
measured
using
enzyme-linked
immunosorbent
assay
(ELISA)
immunoblotting,
respectively.
The
changes
primary
proteins
activation
inflammatory
pyroptosis
(NLRP3:
NLR
family
pyrin
domain
containing
3,
Caspase-1,
N-GSDMD:
N
terminal
protein
gasdermin
D)
(PSD-95
synpatin-1)
brains
immunoblotting.
Intranasal
robustly
inhibited
LPS-induced
behavior.
significantly
elevation
IL-1β
IL-18
pyroptosis.
ameliorated
decrease
PSD-95
synpatin-1
brains.
Thus,
have
demonstrated
neuroprotection
against
inflammation-mediated
behaviors
should
be
studied
further
as
future
effective
drug
treatment
major
disorder
or
psychiatric
disorder.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(10), P. 5377 - 5377
Published: May 15, 2024
In
recent
years,
there
has
been
a
growing
interest
in
the
concept
of
“gut–brain
axis”.
addition
to
well-studied
diseases
associated
with
an
imbalance
gut
microbiota,
such
as
cancer,
chronic
inflammation,
and
cardiovascular
diseases,
research
is
now
exploring
potential
role
microbial
dysbiosis
onset
development
brain-related
diseases.
When
function
intestinal
barrier
altered
by
dysbiosis,
aberrant
immune
system
response
interacts
nervous
system,
leading
state
“neuroinflammation”.
The
microbiota–brain
axis
mediated
inflammatory
immunological
mechanisms,
neurotransmitters,
neuroendocrine
pathways.
This
narrative
review
aims
illustrate
molecular
basis
neuroinflammation
elaborate
on
gut–brain
virtue
analyzing
various
metabolites
produced
microbiome
how
they
might
impact
system.
Additionally,
current
will
highlight
sex
influences
these
mechanisms.
fact,
hormones
brain–gut
microbiota
at
different
levels,
central
enteric
one,
enteroendocrine
cells.
A
deeper
understanding
human
health
disease
crucial
guide
diagnoses,
treatments,
preventive
interventions.
Neural Regeneration Research,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
20(5), P. 1258 - 1276
Published: June 3, 2024
The
central
nervous
system,
information
integration
center
of
the
body,
is
mainly
composed
neurons
and
glial
cells.
neuron
one
most
basic
important
structural
functional
units
with
sensory
stimulation
excitation
conduction
functions.
Astrocytes
microglia
belong
to
cell
family,
which
main
source
cytokines
represents
defense
system
system.
Nerve
cells
undergo
neurotransmission
or
gliotransmission,
regulates
neuronal
activity
via
ion
channels,
receptors,
transporters
expressed
on
nerve
membranes.
Ion
large
transmembrane
proteins,
play
crucial
roles
in
maintaining
homeostasis.
These
channels
are
also
for
control
membrane
potential
secretion
neurotransmitters.
A
variety
cellular
functions
life
activities,
including
regulation
generation
excitation,
occurrence
receptor
potential,
heart
pulsation,
smooth
muscle
peristalsis,
skeletal
contraction,
hormone
secretion,
closely
related
associated
passive
transport.
Two
types
potassium
calcium
various
neurological
disorders,
Alzheimer’s
disease,
Parkinson’s
epilepsy.
Accordingly,
drugs
that
can
affect
these
have
been
explored
deeply
provide
new
directions
treatment
disorders.
In
this
review,
we
focus
different
their
involvement
disorders
such
as
depression,
epilepsy,
autism,
rare
We
describe
several
clinical
target
could
be
used
treat
concluded
there
few
improve
pathology
diseases
by
acting
ions.
Although
a
novel
ion-channel-specific
modulators
discovered,
meaningful
therapies
largely
not
yet
realized.
lack
target-specific
drugs,
requirement
cross
blood–brain
barrier,
exact
underlying
mechanisms
all
need
further
attention.
This
review
aims
explain
urgent
problems
research
progress
comprehensive
aiming
arouse
community’s
interest
development
channel-targeting
identification
therapeutic
targets
increase
cure
rate
reduce
adverse
reactions
other
systems.
World Journal of Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
15(2)
Published: Jan. 14, 2025
BACKGROUND
Depression
significantly
threatens
human
health.
Purinergic
receptors
are
reported
to
be
associated
with
depression.
However,
there
is
no
bibliometric
research
in
this
field
have
been
published.
AIM
To
provide
some
reference
for
the
further
of
purinergic
and
depression
utilizing
analysis.
METHODS
Relevant
researches
were
retrieved
from
Web
Science
Core
Collection
database.
The
period
search
was
January
1,
2003
December
31,
2023.
CiteSpace
(6.2.R7)
VOSviewer
(1.6.19)
applied
identify
main
contributors
countries,
authors,
institutions,
references
journals.
Besides,
we
evaluate
keywords
assess
hotspots
trends
over
previous
2
decades.
RESULTS
Totally,
247
articles
identified,
showing
an
increasing
trend
time.
most
productive
country,
institution,
journal
China,
Harvard
University,
Biological
Psychiatry,
respectively.
Liang
SD
Rodrigues,
Ana
Lucia
S
prolific
authors.
Burnstock
G
ranked
first
among
cited
cooperation
countries
disciplines
crucial.
P2X7
receptor
provides
promising
prospects
treating
studies
warranted
validate
scope
significance
therapeutic
strategies.
CONCLUSION
This
study
overview
worldwide
status
future
considered
appropriate
target
treatment
depression,
as
well
neurological
diseases.
It
implied
that
based
on
system,
interventions
aimed
at
promising,
way
both
augmentation
strategies
new
drug
treatments
context
pharmacology
Biomedicines,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
13(2), P. 503 - 503
Published: Feb. 18, 2025
Background:
Fibromyalgia,
depression,
and
autoimmune
diseases
represent
a
triad
of
interconnected
conditions
characterized
by
overlapping
biological
pathways,
including
chronic
inflammation,
immune
dysregulation,
neurochemical
imbalances.
Understanding
their
shared
mechanisms
offers
opportunities
for
innovative
therapeutic
approaches.
Objective:
This
systematic
review
explores
the
common
inflammatory-
immune-related
pathways
among
these
conditions,
emphasizing
implications
biomarker
development
novel
strategies.
Methods:
Following
PRISMA
guidelines,
comprehensive
literature
search
was
conducted
in
databases
PubMed,
Scopus,
Web
Science,
Cochrane
Library.
Studies
examining
relationship
between
fibromyalgia,
with
focus
on
responses,
inflammatory
biomarkers,
interventions
were
included.
The
quality
selected
studies
assessed
using
Risk
Bias
tool.
Results:
From
255
identified
studies,
12
met
inclusion
criteria.
Evidence
supports
role
pro-inflammatory
cytokines
(e.g.,
IL-6,
TNF-α)
dysregulation
serotonin,
dopamine)
as
key
factors
pathophysiology
conditions.
Pilot
highlight
potential
immune-modulating
therapies,
low-dose
IL-2
anti-inflammatory
agents
such
N-acetylcysteine
minocycline,
alleviating
both
physical
psychological
symptoms.
Emerging
cytokine
profiles
platelet
serotonin
activity,
show
promise
personalized
treatment
Conclusions:
linking
underscore
need
integrated
Although
pilot
provide
preliminary
insights,
validation
through
large-scale,
multicenter
trials
is
essential.
Future
research
should
standardizing
methodologies
leveraging
biomarker-driven
precision
medicine
to
improve
outcomes
patients
complex,
multifactorial
Neural Regeneration Research,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
20(6), P. 1541 - 1554
Published: June 26, 2024
In
the
pathogenesis
of
major
depressive
disorder,
chronic
stress-related
neuroinflammation
hinders
favorable
prognosis
and
antidepressant
response.
Mitochondrial
DNA
may
be
an
inflammatory
trigger,
after
its
release
from
stress-induced
dysfunctional
central
nervous
system
mitochondria
into
peripheral
circulation.
This
evidence
supports
potential
use
mitochondrial
as
a
neuroinflammatory
biomarker
for
diagnosis
treatment
disorder.
Herein,
we
critically
review
theory
in
providing
compelling
that
acts
critical
biological
substrate,
it
constitutes
disease
pathway.
After
release,
can
carried
exosomes
transported
to
extracellular
spaces
Detectable
render
encaged
relatively
stable.
circulation
thus
directly
detected
clinical
practice.
These
characteristics
illustrate
serve
innovative
molecular
target
also
highlights
future
value
applications
combining
with
panel
other
biomarkers,
improve
diagnostic
precision
Biomolecules & Therapeutics,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
32(6), P. 659 - 684
Published: Oct. 21, 2024
Viral
infections
are
increasingly
recognized
as
triggers
for
depressive
disorders,
particularly
following
the
SARS-CoV-2
pandemic
and
rise
of
long
COVID.
Viruses
such
Herpes
Simplex
Virus
(HSV),
Epstein-Barr
(EBV),
Cytomegalovirus
(CMV),
Human
Immunodeficiency
(HIV)
linked
to
depression
through
complex
neurobiological
mechanisms.
These
include
immune
system
dysregulation,
chronic
inflammation,
neurotransmitter
imbalances
that
affect
brain
function
mood
regulation.
activation
leads
release
pro-inflammatory
cytokines,
resulting
in
neuroinflammation
associated
symptoms.
Furthermore,
specific
viruses
can
disrupt
systems,
including
serotonin,
dopamine,
glutamate,
all
which
essential
stabilization.
The
unique
interactions
different
with
these
systems
underscore
need
virus-specific
therapeutic
approaches.
Current
broad-spectrum
treatments
often
overlook
precise
pathways
involved
post-viral
depression,
reducing
their
efficacy.
This
review
emphasizes
understand
create
tailored
interventions
directly
address
effects
induced
by
each
type
virus.
may
immunomodulatory
target
persistent
antiviral
therapies
reduce
viral
load,
or
neuroprotective
strategies
restore
balance.
Precision
medicine
offers
promising
avenues
effective
management
virus-induced
providing
patient-specific
approaches
biological
mechanisms
involved.
By
focusing
on
development
targeted
treatments,
this
aims
pave
way
a
new
era
psychiatric
care
fully
addresses
root
causes
infections.
