Climate change and mercury in the Arctic: Abiotic interactions DOI Creative Commons
John Chételat, Melissa A. McKinney, Marc Amyot

et al.

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 824, P. 153715 - 153715

Published: Feb. 9, 2022

Dramatic environmental shifts are occuring throughout the Arctic from climate change, with consequences for cycling of mercury (Hg). This review summarizes latest science on how change is influencing Hg transport and biogeochemical in terrestrial, freshwater marine ecosystems. As changes continue to accelerate, a clearer picture emerging profound cryosphere, their connections cycling. Modeling results suggest influences seasonal interannual variability atmospheric deposition. The clearest evidence current effects terrestrial catchments, where widespread permafrost thaw, glacier melt coastal erosion increasing export downstream environments. Recent estimates large global reservoir Hg, which vulnerable degradation warming, although fate soil unclear. development thermokarst features, formation expansion thaw lakes, increased landscapes river particulate-bound altering conditions aquatic transformations. Greater organic matter may also be Hg. More severe frequent wildfires within across boreal regions contributing pool Climate remain poorly understood. Seasonal evasion retention inorganic altered by reduced sea-ice cover higher chloride content snow. Experimental indicates warmer temperatures enhance methylmercury production ocean lake sediments as well tundra soils. Improved geographic coverage measurements modeling approaches needed better evaluate net long-term implications contamination Arctic.

Language: Английский

Changing state of Arctic sea ice across all seasons DOI Creative Commons
Julienne Strœve, Dirk Notz

Environmental Research Letters, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 13(10), P. 103001 - 103001

Published: Sept. 3, 2018

The decline in the floating sea ice cover Arctic is one of most striking manifestations climate change. In this review, we examine ongoing loss across all seasons. Our analysis based on satellite retrievals, atmospheric reanalysis, climate-model simulations and a literature review. We find that relative to 1981–2010 reference period, recent anomalies spring winter coverage have been more significant than any observed drop summer extent (SIE) throughout period. For example, SIE May November 2016 was almost four standard deviations below these months. Decadal during months has accelerated from −2.4 %/decade 1979 1999 −3.4%/decade 2000 onwards. also regional for given region, seasonal larger closer region outer edge cover. Finally, months, identify robust linear relationship between pan-Arctic total anthropogenic CO2 emissions. annual cycle per ton emissions ranges slightly above 1 m2 3 summer. Based extrapolation trends, Ocean will become sea-ice free August September an additional 800 ± 300 Gt emissions, while it becomes July October 1400

Language: Английский

Citations

926
Effects of Arctic Sea Ice Decline on Weather and Climate: A Review DOI Creative Commons
Timo Vihma

Surveys in Geophysics, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 35(5), P. 1175 - 1214

Published: March 8, 2014

The areal extent, concentration and thickness of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean adjacent seas have strongly decreased during recent decades, but cold, snow-rich winters been common over mid-latitude land areas since 2005. A review is presented on studies addressing local remote effects decline weather climate. It evident that reduction cover has increased heat flux from ocean to atmosphere autumn early winter. This locally air temperature, moisture, cloud reduced static stability lower troposphere. Several based observations, atmospheric reanalyses, model experiments suggest decline, together with snow Eurasia, favours circulation patterns resembling negative phase North Atlantic Oscillation Oscillation. suggested large-scale pressure include a high which cold Europe northeastern Eurasia. western low eastern America also suggested, favouring advection masses America. Mid-latitude winter is, however, affected by several other factors, generate large inter-annual variability often mask decline. In addition, small sample years loss makes it difficult distinguish directly attributable conditions. that, advancing global warming, continents will no longer be second half twenty-first century. Recent causal links between summer precipitation Europe, Mediterranean, East Asia.

Language: Английский

Citations

690
Arctic sea ice in transformation: A review of recent observed changes and impacts on biology and human activity DOI Open Access
Walter N. Meier,

Greta K. Hovelsrud,

Bob van Oort

et al.

Reviews of Geophysics, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 52(3), P. 185 - 217

Published: May 15, 2014

Sea ice in the Arctic is one of most rapidly changing components global climate system. Over past few decades, summer areal extent has declined over 30%, and all months show statistically significant declining trends. New satellite missions techniques have greatly expanded information on sea thickness, but many uncertainties remain data long-term records are sparse. However, thickness observations other satellite-derived indicate a 40% decline due large part to loss thicker, older cover. The changes happening faster than models projected. With continued increasing temperatures, ice-free conditions likely sometime coming though there substantial exact timing high interannual variability will as decreases. already having an impact flora fauna Arctic. Some species face challenges future, while new habitat open up for species. also affecting people living working Native communities facing their traditional ways life, opportunities shipping, fishing, natural resource extraction. Significant progress been made recent years understanding its role climate, ecosystem, human activities. furthering knowledge processes, impacts, future evolution

Language: Английский

Citations

597
Climate Variability and Change since 850 CE: An Ensemble Approach with the Community Earth System Model DOI Creative Commons
Bette L. Otto‐Bliesner, Esther C. Brady, John Fasullo

et al.

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 97(5), P. 735 - 754

Published: Aug. 7, 2015

Abstract The climate of the past millennium provides a baseline for understanding background natural variability upon which current anthropogenic changes are superimposed. As this period also contains high data density from proxy sources (e.g., ice cores, stalagmites, corals, tree rings, and sediments), it unique opportunity both global regional-scale responses to forcing. Toward that end, an ensemble simulations with Community Earth System Model (CESM) 850–2005 (the CESM Last Millennium Ensemble, or CESM-LME) is now available community. This includes forced transient evolution solar intensity, volcanic emissions, greenhouse gases, aerosols, land-use conditions, orbital parameters, together individually. CESM-LME thus allows evaluation relative contributions external forcing internal evident in paleoclimate record, as well providing longer-term perspective events modern instrumental period. It constitutes dynamically consistent framework within diagnose mechanisms regional variability. Results demonstrate important influence on system during millennium. All forcings, particularly large eruptions, found be regionally influential preindustrial period, while gas aerosol dominate mid- late twentieth century.

Language: Английский

Citations

572
The role of satellite remote sensing in climate change studies DOI
Jun Yang, Peng Gong, Rong Fu

et al.

Nature Climate Change, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 3(10), P. 875 - 883

Published: Sept. 13, 2013

Language: Английский

Citations

521
The Met Office Hadley Centre sea ice and sea surface temperature data set, version 2: 1. Sea ice concentrations DOI
Holly Titchner, Nick A Rayner

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 119(6), P. 2864 - 2889

Published: Jan. 4, 2014

We present a new version of the sea ice concentration component Met Office Hadley Centre and surface temperature data set, HadISST.2.1.0.0. Passive microwave are combined with historical sources, such as charts, to create global analyses on 1° grid from 1850 2007. Climatology was used when no information about available. Our main aim homogenous set by calculating applying bias adjustments using periods overlaps between different sources used. National Ice Center charts 1995 2007 have been reference achieve this. In particular, large applied passive in both Antarctic Arctic summers. Overall, HadISST.2.1.0.0 contains more than HadISST1.1, higher concentrations, shorter marginal zones, larger extents areas some regions periods. A method for estimating concentrations within pack distance edge has developed evaluated. This only were known or original fields heterogeneous. number discontinuities HadISST1.1 record longer found

Language: Английский

Citations

470
Seasonal and Regional Manifestation of Arctic Sea Ice Loss DOI Creative Commons
Ingrid H. Onarheim, Tor Eldevik, Lars H. Smedsrud

et al.

Journal of Climate, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 31(12), P. 4917 - 4932

Published: March 27, 2018

The Arctic Ocean is currently on a fast track toward seasonally ice-free conditions. Although most attention has been the accelerating summer sea ice decline, large changes are also occurring in winter. This study assesses past, present, and possible future change regional Northern Hemisphere extent throughout year by examining concentration based observations back to 1950, including satellite record since 1979. At variability dominate perennial ice-covered Beaufort, Chukchi, East Siberian, Laptev, Kara Seas, with Siberian Sea explaining largest fraction of September loss (22%). Winter occur seas farther south: Barents Sea, Okhotsk, Greenland Baffin Bay, carrying March (27%). distinct regions winter have generally consistent but appear at present be transformation as result rapid all seasons. As become free, will dominated appears first free September. Remaining observed trends, shelf estimated 2020s, south year-round from 2050s.

Language: Английский

Citations

467
Freshwater and its role in the Arctic Marine System: Sources, disposition, storage, export, and physical and biogeochemical consequences in the Arctic and global oceans DOI Creative Commons
Eddy C. Carmack, Michiyo Yamamoto‐Kawai, Thomas W. N. Haine

et al.

Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 121(3), P. 675 - 717

Published: Oct. 12, 2015

Abstract The Arctic Ocean is a fundamental node in the global hydrological cycle and ocean's thermohaline circulation. We here assess system's key functions processes: (1) delivery of fresh low‐salinity waters to by river inflow, net precipitation, distillation during freeze/thaw cycle, Pacific inflows; (2) disposition (e.g., sources, pathways, storage) freshwater components within Ocean; (3) release export into bordering convective domains North Atlantic. then examine physical, chemical, or biological processes which are influenced constrained local quantities geochemical qualities freshwater; these include stratification vertical mixing, ocean heat flux, nutrient supply, primary production, acidification, biogeochemical cycling. Internal joint effects sea ice decline intensification have strengthened coupling between atmosphere wind drift stresses, solar radiation, moisture exchange), drainage basins discharge, sediment transport, erosion), terrestrial ecosystems greening, dissolved particulate carbon loading, altered phenology biotic components). External acts as both constraint necessary ingredient for deep convection subarctic gyres thus affects Geochemical fingerprints attained likewise exported neighboring systems beyond. Finally, we discuss observed modeled changes this system on seasonal, annual, decadal time scales mechanisms that link marine atmospheric, terrestrial, cryospheric systems.

Language: Английский

Citations

432
Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate. Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment DOI
John E. Walsh, Donald J. Wuebbles, Katharine Hayhoe

et al.

Published: Jan. 1, 2014

Language: Английский

Citations

409
Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project (ISMIP6) contribution to CMIP6 DOI Creative Commons
Sophie Nowicki, A. J. Payne, Eric Larour

et al.

Geoscientific model development, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 9(12), P. 4521 - 4545

Published: Dec. 21, 2016

Abstract. Reducing the uncertainty in past, present, and future contribution of ice sheets to sea-level change requires a coordinated effort between climate glaciology communities. The Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for CMIP6 (ISMIP6) is primary activity within Coupled – phase 6 (CMIP6) focusing on Greenland Antarctic sheets. In this paper, we describe framework ISMIP6 its relationship with other activities CMIP6. experimental design relies models includes, first time CMIP, coupled ice-sheet–climate as well standalone ice-sheet models. To facilitate analysis multi-model ensemble generate set standard inputs models, defines protocol all variables related will provide basis investigating feedbacks, impacts, changes associated dynamic quantifying ice-sheet-sourced global change.

Language: Английский

Citations

336