Brain stimulation,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
17(2), P. 176 - 183
Published: Jan. 27, 2024
BackgroundCortical
excitability
measures
neural
reactivity
to
stimuli,
usually
delivered
via
Transcranial
Magnetic
Stimulation
(TMS).
Excitation/inhibition
balance
(E/I)
is
the
ongoing
equilibrium
between
excitatory
and
inhibitory
activity
of
circuits.
According
some
studies,
E/I
could
be
estimated
in-vivo
non-invasively
through
modeling
electroencephalography
(EEG)
signals
termed
'intrinsic
excitability'
measures.
Several
have
been
proposed
(phase
consistency
in
gamma
band,
sample
entropy,
exponent
power
spectral
density
1/f
curve,
index
extracted
from
detrend
fluctuation
analysis,
alpha
power).
Intermittent
theta
burst
stimulation
(iTBS)
primary
motor
cortex
(M1)
a
non-invasive
neuromodulation
technique
allowing
controlled
focal
enhancement
TMS
cortical
stimulated
hemisphere.ObjectiveInvestigating
what
extent
estimates
scale
with
how
they
relate
each
other.MethodsM1
(TMS)
several
resting
state
EEG
recordings
were
assessed
before
after
iTBS
cohort
healthy
subjects.ResultsEnhancement
M1
excitability,
as
measured
motor-evoked
potentials
(MEPs),
phase
high
band
correlated
other.
Other
showed
expected
results,
but
no
correlation
or
strong
other.ConclusionsEEG
offer
an
intriguing
opportunity
map
non-invasively,
spatio-temporal
resolution
stimulus
independent
approach.
While
different
may
reflect
diverse
excitatory-inhibitory
circuits,
spatial
synchrony
measure
that
best
captures
changes
cortex.
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
62(8)
Published: Dec. 2, 2020
Fombonne’s
(2020)
editorial
is
a
thought‐provoking
appraisal
of
the
literature
on
‘camouflaging’,
whereby
some
autistic
people
mask
or
compensate
for
their
characteristics
as
an
attempt
to
fit
in
and
cope
with
disabilities
under
neurotypical
social
norms.
Fombonne
highlights
three
issues
contention:
(a)
construct
validity
measurement
camouflaging;
(b)
camouflaging
reason
late
autism
diagnosis
adolescence/adulthood;
(c)
feature
‘female
phenotype’.
Here,
we
argue
that
establishing
different
aspects
warranted;
subjective
experiences
are
important
differential
not
necessarily
female
individuals
–
nevertheless,
taking
into
account
sex
gender
influences
development
crucial
understand
behavioural
manifestations
autism.
Future
research
clinical
directions
should
involve
clarification
associated
constructs
measurements,
demography,
mechanisms,
impact
(including
harms
benefits)
tailored
support.
NeuroImage Clinical,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
32, P. 102811 - 102811
Published: Jan. 1, 2021
Our
current
understanding
of
autism
is
largely
based
on
clinical
experiences
and
research
involving
male
individuals
given
the
male-predominance
in
prevalence
under-inclusion
female
due
to
small
samples,
co-occurring
conditions,
or
simply
being
missed
for
diagnosis.
There
a
significantly
biased
‘male
lens’
this
field
with
autistic
females
insufficiently
understood.
We
therefore
conducted
systematic
review
examine
how
sex
gender
modulate
brain
structure
function
individuals.
Findings
from
past
20
years
are
yet
converge
specific
regions/networks
consistent
sex/gender-modulating
effects.
Despite
at
least
three
well-powered
studies
identifying
patterns
significant
sex/gender-modulation
autism-control
differences,
many
other
likely
underpowered,
suggesting
critical
need
future
investigation
into
sex/gender-based
heterogeneity
better-powered
designs.
Future
should
also
formally
investigate
effects
gender,
beyond
biological
sex,
which
mostly
absent
literature.
Understanding
roles
development
an
imperative
step
extend
field.
PLoS Biology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
19(4), P. e3001146 - e3001146
Published: April 1, 2021
General
anesthesia
is
characterized
by
reversible
loss
of
consciousness
accompanied
transient
amnesia.
Yet,
long-term
memory
impairment
an
undesirable
side
effect.
How
different
types
general
anesthetics
(GAs)
affect
the
hippocampus,
a
brain
region
central
to
formation
and
consolidation,
poorly
understood.
Using
extracellular
recordings,
chronic
2-photon
imaging,
behavioral
analysis,
we
monitor
effects
isoflurane
(Iso),
medetomidine/midazolam/fentanyl
(MMF),
ketamine/xylazine
(Keta/Xyl)
on
network
activity
structural
spine
dynamics
in
hippocampal
CA1
area
adult
mice.
GAs
robustly
reduced
spiking
activity,
decorrelated
cellular
ensembles,
albeit
with
distinct
signatures,
altered
dynamics.
under
all
3
was
natural
sleep.
Iso
most
closely
resembled
unperturbed
during
wakefulness
sleep,
alterations
recovered
more
readily
than
Keta/Xyl
MMF.
Correspondingly,
consolidation
impaired
after
exposure
MMF,
but
not
Iso.
Thus,
distinctly
alter
dynamics,
synaptic
connectivity,
implications
for
GA
strategy
appraisal
animal
research
clinical
settings.
