Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
35(6), P. 597 - 616
Published: Oct. 10, 2023
Susceptibility
of
individuals
and
groups
to
toxicants
depends
on
complex
interactions
involving
the
host,
environment,
other
exposures.
Apiary
diagnostic
investigation
honey
bee
health
are
truly
population
medicine:
colony
is
patient.
Here
we
provide
basic
information
application
toxicology
testing
domestic
bees,
and,
in
light
recent
research,
expand
some
challenges
interpreting
analytical
chemistry
findings
as
they
pertain
hive
health.
The
an
efficiently
organized
system
wax
cells
used
store
brood,
honey,
bread,
protected
by
bee-procured
antimicrobial
compound
propolis.
Toxicants
can
affect
individual
workers
outside
or
inside
hive,
with
disease
processes
that
range
from
acute
chronic
subclinical
lethal.
impact
brood
contaminate
structural
wax.
We
overview
important
natural
synthetic
which
bees
exposed;
behavioral,
husbandry,
external
environmental
factors
influencing
exposure;
short-
long-term
impacts
toxicant
exposure
health;
convergent
stress,
nutrition,
infectious
disease,
exposures
Current
potential
future
options
included.
Common
contaminants
apiary
products
consumed
humans
(honey,
wax,
pollen),
their
sources,
need
for
product
also
noted.
Trends in Parasitology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
40(4), P. 338 - 349
Published: March 4, 2024
Like
humans,
animals
use
plants
and
other
materials
as
medication
against
parasites.
Recent
decades
have
shown
that
the
study
of
insects
can
greatly
advance
our
understanding
behaviors.
The
ease
rearing
under
laboratory
conditions
has
enabled
controlled
experiments
to
test
critical
hypotheses,
while
their
spectrum
reproductive
strategies
living
arrangements
–
ranging
from
solitary
eusocial
communities
revealed
behaviors
evolve
maximize
inclusive
fitness
through
both
direct
indirect
benefits.
Studying
also
demonstrated
in
some
cases
act
modulation
host's
innate
immune
system
microbiome.
We
highlight
outstanding
questions,
focusing
on
costs
benefits
context
host
fitness.
While
foraging
for
nectar
and
pollen,
bees
are
exposed
to
a
myriad
of
xenobiotics,
including
plant
metabolites,
which
may
exert
wide
range
effects
on
their
health.
Although
the
bee
genome
encodes
enzymes
that
help
in
metabolism
it
has
lower
detoxification
gene
diversity
than
genomes
other
insects.
Therefore,
rely
components
shape
physiology,
such
as
microbiota,
degrade
potentially
toxic
molecules.
In
this
study,
we
show
amygdalin,
cyanogenic
glycoside
found
honey
bee-pollinated
almond
trees,
can
be
metabolized
by
both
members
gut
microbiota.
microbiota-deprived
bees,
amygdalin
is
degraded
into
prunasin,
leading
prunasin
accumulation
midgut
hindgut.
microbiota-colonized
hand,
even
further,
does
not
accumulate
gut,
suggesting
microbiota
contribute
full
degradation
hydrogen
cyanide.
vitro
experiments
demonstrated
bacteria
strain-specific
characteristic
particular
genus
or
species.
We
strains
Bifidobacterium
,
Bombilactobacillus,
Gilliamella
amygdalin.
The
mechanism
appears
vary
since
only
some
produce
an
intermediate.
Finally,
investigated
basis
wkB204,
strain
fully
degrades
overexpression
secretion
several
carbohydrate-degrading
enzymes,
one
hydrolase
family
3
(GH3).
expressed
GH3
Escherichia
coli
detected
byproduct
when
cell
lysates
were
cultured
with
supporting
its
contribution
degradation.
These
findings
demonstrate
host
act
together
metabolize
dietary
metabolites.
Molecules,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
29(11), P. 2605 - 2605
Published: June 1, 2024
When
studying
honey
bee
nutrition,
it
is
important
to
pay
attention
not
only
the
quantity
but
also
quality
of
pollen
for
floral
visitors.
The
recommended
way
determine
value
both
protein
concentration
and
amino
acid
composition
in
insect’s
hemolymph.
In
addition,
includes
lipids,
sterols
biogenic
elements
such
as
carbon,
nitrogen,
etc.
Very
high
observed
aloe
pollen,
averaging
51%.
Plants
with
a
content,
at
level
27%
Europe,
are
rapeseed
phacelia.
turn,
plant
that
poor
(at
11%)
buckwheat.
aforementioned
plants
sown
over
very
large
areas.
Vast
acreages
Central
Eastern
Europe
occupied
by
pollen-
nectar-providing
invasive
plants,
goldenrod.
Therefore,
bees
forced
use
one
food
source—a
mono
diet—which
results
their
malnutrition.
absence
natural
beekeepers
other
foods
bees;
including
soy
protein,
powdered
milk,
egg
yolks,
fish
meal,
However,
colony
strongest
when
fed
opposed
artificial
diets.
More
research
needed
on
relationship
between
measured
apian
hemolymph,
strength,
yield
good
overwintering.
Genome Biology and Evolution,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
16(2)
Published: Jan. 31, 2024
The
evolutionary
dynamics
of
large
gene
families
can
offer
important
insights
into
the
functions
their
individual
members.
While
ecdysteroid
kinase-like
(EcKL)
family
has
previously
been
linked
to
metabolism
both
steroid
molting
hormones
and
xenobiotic
toxins,
nearly
all
EcKL
genes
are
unknown,
there
is
little
information
on
evolution
across
insects.
Here,
we
perform
comprehensive
phylogenetic
analyses
a
manually
annotated
set
from
140
insect
genomes,
revealing
comprised
at
least
13
subfamilies
that
differ
in
retention
stability.
Our
results
show
only
two
known
encode
kinases
belong
different
therefore
must
be
spread
throughout
family.
We
provide
comparative
phylogenomic
evidence
EcKLs
involved
detoxification
insects,
with
positive
associations
between
size
dietary
chemical
complexity,
also
find
similar
for
cytochrome
P450
glutathione
S-transferase
families.
Unexpectedly,
clade
containing
kinase
positively
associated
host
plant
taxonomic
diversity
Lepidoptera,
possibly
suggesting
multiple
functional
shifts
hormone
metabolism.
hypotheses
function
robust
framework
future
experimental
studies
They
open
promising
new
avenues
exploring
genomic
basis
adaptation
including
classically
studied
coevolution
butterflies
plants.
Current Opinion in Plant Biology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
81, P. 102577 - 102577
Published: June 17, 2024
The
ability
of
certain
insects
to
feed
on
plants
containing
toxic
specialized
metabolites
may
be
attributed
detoxification
enzymes.
Representatives
a
few
large
families
enzymes
are
widespread
in
insect
herbivores
acting
functionalize
toxins
and
conjugate
them
with
polar
substituents
decrease
toxicity,
increase
water
solubility
enhance
excretion.
Insects
have
also
developed
specific
for
coping
that
activated
upon
plant
damage.
Another
source
potential
lies
their
microbiomes,
which
being
increasingly
recognized
role
processing
toxins.
evolution
systems
resist
turn
selected
the
great
diversity
such
found
nature.
Environmental Microbiology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
25(12), P. 2988 - 3010
Published: Sept. 17, 2023
Abstract
Plants
produce
a
variety
of
secondary
metabolites
in
response
to
biotic
and
abiotic
stresses.
Although
they
have
many
functions,
subclass
toxic
mainly
serve
plants
as
deterring
agents
against
herbivores,
insects,
or
pathogens.
Microorganisms
present
divergent
ecological
niches,
such
soil,
water,
insect
rumen
gut
systems
been
found
capable
detoxifying
these
metabolites.
As
result
detoxification,
microbes
gain
growth
nutrients
benefit
their
herbivory
host
via
symbiosis.
Here,
we
review
current
knowledge
on
microbial
degradation
alkaloids,
glucosinolates,
terpenes,
polyphenols
with
an
emphasis
the
genes
enzymes
involved
breakdown
pathways.
We
highlight
that
insect‐associated
might
find
application
biotechnology
become
targets
for
alternative
pest
control
strategy.
