Complete nitrification by Nitrospira bacteria

Nature, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 528(7583), С. 504 - 509

Опубликована: Ноя. 26, 2015

Язык: Английский

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The Biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: Estimates, Patterns, and Threats

PLoS ONE, Год журнала: 2010, Номер 5(8), С. e11842 - e11842

Опубликована: Авг. 2, 2010

The Mediterranean Sea is a marine biodiversity hot spot. Here we combined an extensive literature analysis with expert opinions to update publicly available estimates of major taxa in this ecosystem and revise several species lists. We also assessed overall spatial temporal patterns diversity identified changes threats. Our results listed approximately 17,000 occurring the Sea. However, our are still incomplete as yet—undescribed will be added future. Diversity for microbes substantially underestimated, deep-sea areas portions southern eastern region poorly known. In addition, invasion alien crucial factor that continue change Mediterranean, mainly its basin can spread rapidly northwards westwards due warming Spatial showed general decrease from northwestern southeastern regions following gradient production, some exceptions caution gaps knowledge biota along rims. Biodiversity was generally higher coastal continental shelves, decreases depth. Temporal trends indicated overexploitation habitat loss have been main human drivers historical biodiversity. At present, degradation, followed by fishing impacts, pollution, climate change, eutrophication, establishment most important threats affect greatest number taxonomic groups. All these impacts expected grow importance future, especially degradation. identification spots highlighted ecological western shelves (and particular, Strait Gibraltar adjacent Alboran Sea), African coast, Adriatic, Aegean Sea, which show high concentrations endangered, threatened, or vulnerable species. Levantine Basin, severely impacted species, endangered well. This abstract has translated other languages (File S1).

Язык: Английский

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Role of microorganisms in the evolution of animals and plants: the hologenome theory of evolution

FEMS Microbiology Reviews, Год журнала: 2008, Номер 32(5), С. 723 - 735

Опубликована: Июнь 11, 2008

We present here the hologenome theory of evolution, which considers holobiont (the animal or plant with all its associated microorganisms) as a unit selection in evolution. The is defined sum genetic information host and microbiota. based on four generalizations: (1) All animals plants establish symbiotic relationships microorganisms. (2) Symbiotic microorganisms are transmitted between generations. (3) association symbionts affects fitness within environment. (4) Variation can be brought about by changes either microbiota genomes; under environmental stress, microbial community change rapidly. These points taken together suggest that wealth diverse play an important role both adaptation evolution higher organisms. During periods rapid environment, symbiont aid surviving, multiplying buying time necessary for genome to evolve. distinguishing feature it part evolving holobiont. Thus, fits framework 'superorganism' proposed Wilson Sober.

Язык: Английский

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A Symbiotic View of Life: We Have Never Been Individuals

The Quarterly Review of Biology, Год журнала: 2012, Номер 87(4), С. 325 - 341

Опубликована: Дек. 1, 2012

The notion of the "biological individual" is crucial to studies genetics, immunology, evolution, development, anatomy, and physiology. Each these biological subdisciplines has a specific conception individuality, which historically provided conceptual contexts for integrating newly acquired data. During past decade, nucleic acid analysis, especially genomic sequencing high-throughput RNA techniques, challenged each disciplinary definitions by finding significant interactions animals plants with symbiotic microorganisms that disrupt boundaries heretofore had characterized individual. Animals cannot be considered individuals anatomical or physiological criteria because diversity symbionts are both present functional in completing metabolic pathways serving other functions. Similarly, new have shown animal development incomplete without symbionts. Symbionts also constitute second mode genetic inheritance, providing selectable variation natural selection. immune system develops, part, dialogue thereby functions as mechanism microbes into animal-cell community. Recognizing "holobiont"--the multicellular eukaryote plus its colonies persistent symbionts--as critically important unit physiology, evolution opens up investigative avenues conceptually challenges ways living entities.

Язык: Английский

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A complex journey: transmission of microbial symbionts

Nature Reviews Microbiology, Год журнала: 2010, Номер 8(3), С. 218 - 230

Опубликована: Фев. 16, 2010

Язык: Английский

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Microbial syntrophy: interaction for the common good

FEMS Microbiology Reviews, Год журнала: 2013, Номер 37(3), С. 384 - 406

Опубликована: Март 13, 2013

Classical definitions of syntrophy focus on a process, performed through metabolic interaction between dependent microbial partners, such as the degradation complex organic compounds under anoxic conditions. However, examples from past and current scientific discoveries suggest that new, simple but wider definition is necessary to cover all aspects syntrophy. We term 'obligately mutualistic metabolism', which still focuses cooperation also includes an ecological aspect: benefit for both partners. By combined activity microorganisms, endergonic reactions can become exergonic efficient removal products therefore enable community survive with minimal energy resources. Here, we explain principles classical non-classical illustrate concepts various examples. present biochemical fundamentals allow microorganism range environmental conditions drive important biogeochemical processes. Novel technologies have contributed understanding syntrophic relationships in cultured uncultured systems. Recent research highlights obligately metabolism not limited certain pathways nor environments or microorganisms. This beneficial restricted transfer reducing agents hydrogen formate, involve exchange organic, sulfurous- nitrogenous toxic compounds.

Язык: Английский

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Mom Knows Best: The Universality of Maternal Microbial Transmission

PLoS Biology, Год журнала: 2013, Номер 11(8), С. e1001631 - e1001631

Опубликована: Авг. 20, 2013

The sterile womb paradigm is an enduring premise in biology that human infants are born sterile. Recent studies suggest incorporate initial microbiome before birth and receive copious supplementation of maternal microbes through breastfeeding. Moreover, evidence for microbial transmission increasingly widespread across animals. This collective knowledge compels a shift—one which advances from taxonomically specialized phenomenon to universal one It also engenders fresh views on the assembly microbiome, its role animal evolution, applications health disease.

Язык: Английский

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Bioluminescence in the Sea

Annual Review of Marine Science, Год журнала: 2009, Номер 2(1), С. 443 - 493

Опубликована: Дек. 14, 2009

Bioluminescence spans all oceanic dimensions and has evolved many times—from bacteria to fish—to powerfully influence behavioral ecosystem dynamics. New methods technology have brought great advances in understanding of the molecular basis bioluminescence, its physiological control, significance marine communities. Novel tools derived from chemistry natural light-producing molecules led countless valuable applications, culminating recently a related Nobel Prize. Marine organisms utilize bioluminescence for vital functions ranging defense reproduction. To understand these interactions distributions luminous organisms, new instruments platforms allow observations on individual oceanographic scales. This review explores recent advances, including chemical molecular, phylogenetic functional, community aspects bioluminescence.

Язык: Английский

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The functional roles of marine sponges

Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, Год журнала: 2008, Номер 79(3), С. 341 - 353

Опубликована: Май 19, 2008

Язык: Английский

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Marine sponges and their microbial symbionts: love and other relationships

Environmental Microbiology, Год журнала: 2011, Номер 14(2), С. 335 - 346

Опубликована: Март 28, 2011

Many marine sponges harbour dense and diverse microbial communities of considerable ecological biotechnological importance. While the past decade has seen tremendous advances in our understanding phylogenetic diversity sponge-associated microorganisms (more than 25 bacterial phyla have now been reported from sponges), it is only 3-4 years that situ activity function these microbes become a major research focus. Already rewards this new emphasis are evident, with genomics experimental approaches yielding novel insights into symbiont function. Key steps nitrogen cycle [denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox)] recently demonstrated for first time, bacteria - including candidate phylum 'Poribacteria'- being implicated processes. In minireview we examine recent developments microbiology sponges, identify several areas (e.g. biology viruses effects environmental stress) believe deserving increased attention.

Язык: Английский

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