How adverse childhood experiences get under the skin: A systematic review, integration and methodological discussion on threat and reward learning mechanisms

eLife, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: July 16, 2024

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a major risk factor for the development of multiple psychopathological conditions, but mechanisms underlying this link poorly understood. Associative learning encompasses key through which individuals learn to important environmental inputs emotional and behavioral responses. ACEs may impact normative maturation associative processes, resulting in their enduring maladaptive expression manifesting psychopathology. In review, we lay out systematic methodological overview integration available evidence proposed association between threat reward processes. We summarize results from literature search (following PRISMA guidelines) yielded total 81 articles (threat: n=38, reward: n=43). Across fields, behaviorally, observed converging pattern aberrant with history ACEs, independent other sample characteristics, specific ACE types, outcome measures. Specifically, blunted was reflected reduced discrimination safety cues, primarily driven by diminished responding conditioned cues. Furthermore, attenuated manifested accuracy rate tasks involving acquisition contingencies. Importantly, emerged despite substantial heterogeneity assessment operationalization across both fields. conclude that represent mechanistic route become physiologically neurobiologically embedded ultimately confer greater closing, discuss potentially fruitful future directions research field, including considerations.

Language: Английский

---

Latent Profiles of Childhood Adversity, Adolescent Mental Health, and Neural Network Connectivity

JAMA Network Open, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 7(8), P. e2430711 - e2430711

Published: Aug. 28, 2024

Adverse childhood experiences are pervasive and heterogeneous, with potential lifelong consequences for psychiatric morbidity brain health. Existing research does not capture the complex interplay of multiple adversities, resulting in a lack precision understanding their associations neural function mental

Language: Английский

---

Life-course neighbourhood deprivation and brain structure in older adults: the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936

Molecular Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 29(11), P. 3483 - 3494

Published: May 21, 2024

Abstract Neighbourhood disadvantage may be associated with brain health but the importance of exposure at different stages life course is poorly understood. Utilising Lothian Birth Cohort 1936, we explored relationship between residential neighbourhood deprivation from birth to late adulthood, and global local neuroimaging measures age 73. A total 689 participants had least one valid (53% male); maximise sample size structural equation models full information maximum likelihood were conducted. Residing in disadvantaged neighbourhoods mid- adulthood was smaller ( β = −0.06; SE 0.02; size[ N ] 658; number pairwise complete observations[ n ]=390), grey matter −0.11; 0.03; 390), normal-appearing white volumes −0.07; thinner cortex −0.14; 0.06; 636; 379), lower general fractional anisotropy −0.19; 665; 388). We also found some evidence on accumulating impact 73 276) −0.10; 0.04; 276). Local analysis identified affected focal cortical areas specific tracts. Among individuals belonging social classes, brain-neighbourhood associations particularly strong, volumes, across course. Our findings suggest that living deprived course, especially adverse morphologies, class amplifying vulnerability.

Language: Английский

---

Art therapy’s engagement of brain networks for enduring recovery from addiction

Frontiers in Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: Jan. 6, 2025

The field of addiction in its priority to save lives has emphasized harm reduction and medication therapies that have taken precedence over counseling psychotherapy. extensive mental health needs, traumatic histories cognitive challenges this population call for more availability all treatments, but also in-depth treatment the causes addiction. prevalence trauma is examined with regard challenge it presents substance use disorder (SUD), other comorbidities. Two case examples are offered exemplify how art therapy expedites key information about underlying trauma. Art proposed as a approach SUD apparent activation neural networks impacted by trauma, usefulness engaging those who experientially. Quantitative research cited suggests therapy's reward system, which may make useful treating stress inhibition coefficients map need additional empirical improve efficiency effectiveness treatment.

Language: Английский

---

Reduced discrimination between signals of danger and safety but not overgeneralization is linked to exposure to childhood adversity in healthy adults

eLife, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: Feb. 20, 2025

Childhood adversity is a strong predictor of developing psychopathological conditions. Multiple theories on the mechanisms underlying this association have been suggested which, however, differ in operationalization ‘exposure.’ Altered (threat) learning represent central by which environmental inputs shape emotional and cognitive processes ultimately behavior. 1402 healthy participants underwent fear conditioning paradigm (acquisition training, generalization), while acquiring skin conductance responses (SCRs) ratings (arousal, valence, contingency). was operationalized as (1) dichotomization, following (2) specificity model, (3) cumulative risk (4) dimensional model. Individuals exposed to childhood showed blunted physiological reactivity SCRs, but not ratings, reduced CS+/CS- discrimination during both phases, mainly driven attenuated CS+ responding. The latter evident across different operationalizations ‘exposure’ theories. None tested clear explanatory superiority. Notably, remarkably pattern increased responding CS- reported literature for anxiety patients, suggesting that individuals may specific sub-sample. We highlight linking (vulnerability to) psychopathology need refinement.

Language: Английский

---

The AIP model as a theoretical framework for the treatment of personality disorders with EMDR therapy

Frontiers in Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: Jan. 17, 2024

Research has shown that the impact of traumatic events and circumstances on individuals is cumulative potentially a wide range harmful consequences, including negative consequences mental health. One such consequence development personality disorder, persistent condition characterized by pronounced pattern difficulties in impulse control, emotional regulation, cognitive functions, self-esteem, interpersonal relationships. A array studies indicates personal history with disorder often marked exposure to or other types adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Because existing treatments for disorders are usually long costly, it essential continue exploring alternative complementary interventions. Nowadays, knowledge clinical experience regard have been gained addressing ACEs processing memories these through eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. In this paper, we present theoretical framework treatment approach, based Shapiro’s Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) model, describe its current empirical basis, provide guidance how formulate useful case conceptualization can serve as basis EMDR This approach illustrated example.

Language: Английский

---

Children's Defensive Mindset

Published: May 14, 2024

The primary psychological process leading aggressive children to grow into dysfunctional adults is a defensive mindset, which encompasses pattern of deviant social information processing steps, including hypervigilance threat; hostile attributional biases; psychophysiological reactivity, experience rage and testosterone release (in males); problem-solving styles; aggressogenic decision-making deficient behavioral skills. These processes are acquired in childhood predict adult maladjustment outcomes, incarceration premature death. antecedents mindset lie early experiences trauma threat. Fast Track (FT) intervention was designed improve competence children. A randomized controlled trial demonstrated that FT effective preventing externalizing psychopathology; the mediating factor reduction processes. This Element concludes with insights might also explain dysfunction other realms, school culture, parenting, marriage, workplace, intergroup relationships, politics, international relations.

Language: Английский

---

How adverse childhood experiences get under the skin: A systematic review, integration and methodological discussion on threat and reward learning mechanisms

Published: May 17, 2023

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a major risk factor for the development of multiple psychopathological conditions, but mechanisms underlying this link poorly understood. Associative learning encompasses key through which individuals learn to important environmental inputs emotional and behavioral responses. ACEs may impact normative maturation associative processes, resulting in their enduring maladaptive expression manifesting psychopathology. In review, we lay out systematic methodological overview integration available evidence proposed association between threat reward processes. We summarize results from literature search (following PRISMA guidelines) yielded total 81 articles (threat: n=38, reward: n=43). Across fields, behaviorally, observed converging pattern aberrant with history ACEs, independent other sample characteristics, specific ACE types, outcome measures. Specifically, blunted was reflected reduced discrimination safety cues, primarily driven by diminished responding conditioned cues. Furthermore, attenuated manifested accuracy rate tasks involving acquisition contingencies. Importantly, emerged despite substantial heterogeneity assessment operationalization across both fields. conclude that represent mechanistic route become physiologically neurobiologically embedded ultimately confer greater closing, discuss future directions research field, including considerations.

Language: Английский

---

An Honest Reckoning With the Amygdala and Mental Illness

American Journal of Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 181(12), P. 1059 - 1075

Published: Dec. 1, 2024

Anxiety disorders are a leading source of human misery, morbidity, and premature mortality. Existing treatments far from curative for many, underscoring the need to clarify underlying neural mechanisms. Although many brain regions contribute, amygdala has received most intense scientific attention. Over past several decades, this scrutiny yielded detailed understanding function, but it failed produce new clinical assays, biomarkers, or cures. Rising urgent public health challenge demands an honest reckoning with functional-neuroanatomical complexity shift theories anchored on "the amygdala" models centered specific nuclei cell types. This review begins by examining evidence studies rodents, monkeys, humans "canonical model," idea that plays central role in fear- anxiety-related states, traits, disorders. Next, authors selectively highlight work indicating canonical model, while true, is overly simplistic fails adequately capture actual state evidentiary record, breadth amygdala-associated functions illnesses, amygdala's functional architecture. The describe implications these facts basic neuroimaging research. concludes some general recommendations grappling accelerating efforts understand more effectively treat amygdala-related psychopathology.

Language: Английский

---

Brain connectivity disruptions in PTSD related to early adversity: a multimodal neuroimaging study

European journal of psychotraumatology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: Dec. 2, 2024

Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is increasingly prevalent in individuals with adverse childhood experiences (ACE). However, the underlying neurobiology of ACE-related PTSD remains unclear.

Language: Английский

---