Journal of Power Sources,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
546, P. 231979 - 231979
Published: Aug. 26, 2022
Lithium-ion
batteries
(LIBs)
are
the
core
component
of
electrification
transition,
being
used
in
portable
electronics,
electric
vehicles,
and
stationary
energy
storage.
The
exponential
growth
LIB
use
generates
a
large
flow
spent
which
must
be
recycled.
This
paper
provides
comprehensive
review
industrial
realities
recycling
companies
Europe,
North
America,
Asia.
An
in-depth
description
representative
pyrometallurgy-based
hydrometallurgy-based
processes
is
reported,
providing
classification
unit
operations,
their
readiness,
quality
output
materials.
analysis
shows
that
pyrometallurgical
route
can
treat
different
chemistries
without
pre-sorting,
but
Li
not
recovered
unless
slag
refined.
Hydrometallurgy-based
more
chemistry-specific
in,
although
affected
by
losses
electrode
active
materials
during
mechanical
pre-treatments
for
black
mass
separation.
Efforts
required
to
promote
Europe
capacity
readiness
hydrometallurgical
facilitating
sorting
separations.
There
also
need
harmonization
criteria
outputs
definitions
rules
calculating
efficiency
indicators.
represents
an
opportunity
modeling
support
quantitative
techno-economic
environmental
assessments
entire
chain.
Advanced Energy Materials,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
12(17)
Published: Jan. 10, 2022
Abstract
Being
successfully
introduced
into
the
market
only
30
years
ago,
lithium‐ion
batteries
have
become
state‐of‐the‐art
power
sources
for
portable
electronic
devices
and
most
promising
candidate
energy
storage
in
stationary
or
electric
vehicle
applications.
This
widespread
use
a
multitude
of
industrial
private
applications
leads
to
need
recycling
reutilization
their
constituent
components.
Improving
“recycling
technology”
lithium
ion
is
continuous
effort
far
from
maturity
today.
The
complexity
with
varying
active
inactive
material
chemistries
interferes
desire
establish
one
robust
procedure
all
kinds
batteries.
Therefore,
current
state
art
needs
be
analyzed,
improved,
adapted
coming
cell
paper
provides
an
overview
regulations
new
battery
directive
demands.
It
covers
practices
collection,
sorting,
transportation,
handling,
recycling.
Future
generations
will
further
increase
diversity
chemistry
this
presents
predictions
related
challenges
future
regard
materials
chemical
composition,
discusses
approaches
Advanced Materials,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
34(25)
Published: Oct. 10, 2021
Abstract
E‐waste
generated
from
end‐of‐life
spent
lithium‐ion
batteries
(LIBs)
is
increasing
at
a
rapid
rate
owing
to
the
consumption
of
these
in
portable
electronics,
electric
vehicles,
and
renewable
energy
storage
worldwide.
On
one
hand,
landfilling
incinerating
LIBs
e‐waste
poses
environmental
safety
concerns
their
constituent
materials.
other
scarcity
metal
resources
used
manufacturing
potential
value
creation
through
recovery
has
triggered
increased
interest
recycling
e‐waste.
State
art
involving
pyrometallurgy
hydrometallurgy
processes
generates
considerable
unwanted
concerns.
Hence,
alternative
innovative
approaches
toward
green
process
are
essential
tackle
large
volumes
an
environmentally
friendly
way.
Such
evolving
techniques
for
based
on
approaches,
including
bioleaching,
waste
approach,
electrodeposition,
discussed
here.
Furthermore,
ways
regenerate
strategic
metals
post
leaching,
efficiently
reprocess
extracted
high‐value
materials,
reuse
them
applications
electrode
materials
new
LIBs.
The
concept
“circular
economy”
highlighted
closed‐loop
achieved
green‐sustainable
approaches.
Energy & Environmental Science,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
15(5), P. 1711 - 1759
Published: Jan. 1, 2022
Building
rechargeable
lithium
batteries
for
wide-temperature
applications
requires
us
to
investigate
the
battery
failure
mechanism
at
low/high
temperature,
design
advanced
electrode/electrolyte
materials,
and
optimize
management
system.
Advanced Energy Materials,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
11(39)
Published: Sept. 19, 2021
Abstract
Electric
vehicles
powered
by
lithium‐ion
batteries
are
viewed
as
a
vital
green
technology
required
to
meet
CO
2
emission
targets
part
of
global
effort
tackle
climate
change.
Positive
electrode
(cathode)
materials
within
such
rich
in
critical
metals—particularly
lithium,
cobalt,
and
nickel.
The
large‐scale
mining
metals,
increasing
battery
demands,
poses
concerns
surrounding
material
exhaustion
addition
further
environmental,
social,
governance
(ESG)
issues.
In
particular,
unethical
practices
political
instability
the
Democratic
Republic
Congo
(the
world's
largest
cobalt
producer)
have
prompted
research
into
cobalt‐low
cobalt‐free
alternatives.
This
review
aims
provide
holistic
view
cathode
development
inform
advancements
highlighting
interdependencies
across
mining,
development,
end‐of‐life
management.
While
sustainability
is
reported
through
supply
demand
projections,
potential
socioenvironmental
impacts
represent
hugely
underresearched
area
among
aforementioned
themes.
Notably,
lack
attention
paid
toward
future
implications
increased
nickel
use
management
disciplines
also
discussed.
Nature Communications,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
14(1)
Published: Feb. 3, 2023
The
recycling
of
spent
lithium-ion
batteries
is
an
effective
approach
to
alleviating
environmental
concerns
and
promoting
resource
conservation.
LiFePO4
have
been
widely
used
in
electric
vehicles
energy
storage
stations.
Currently,
lithium
loss,
resulting
formation
Fe(III)
phase,
mainly
responsible
for
the
capacity
fade
cathode.
Another
factor
poor
electrical
conductivity
that
limits
its
rate
capability.
Here,
we
report
use
a
multifunctional
organic
salt
(3,4-dihydroxybenzonitrile
dilithium)
restore
cathode
by
direct
regeneration.
degraded
particles
are
well
coupled
with
functional
groups
salt,
so
fills
vacancies
cyano
create
reductive
atmosphere
inhibit
phase.
At
same
time,
pyrolysis
produces
amorphous
conductive
carbon
layer
coats
particles,
which
improves
Li-ion
electron
transfer
kinetics.
restored
shows
good
cycling
stability
performance
(a
high
retention
88%
after
400
cycles
at
5
C).
This
can
also
be
recover
transition
metal
oxide-based
cathodes.
A
techno-economic
analysis
suggests
this
strategy
has
higher
economic
benefits,
compared
traditional
methods.
Advanced Energy Materials,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
12(18)
Published: March 20, 2022
Abstract
Lithium‐ion
batteries
(LIBs)
are
in
great
demand
for
their
impressive
successes
serving
people's
daily
life.
Concomitantly,
recycling
the
retired
LIBs
has
also
aroused
enthusiasm
of
widespread
studies
due
to
its
significance
sustainable
development
LIBs.
Among
spent
LIBs,
LiFePO
4
(LFP)
is
main
force
because
use
electric
vehicles
and
grids
stability
favorable
price.
However,
considering
low
cost
LFP
manufacture
as
well
abundance
Fe
P,
traditional
metallurgy
processes
not
economically
feasible
high
energy
consumption
tedious
steps.
Here,
this
work
proposes
a
green
method
directly
regenerate
degraded
electrode
via
an
situ
electrochemical
process
with
functionalized
prelithiation
separator.
Compared
existing
strategies
batteries,
proposed
takes
full
advantage
cathode
scraps
without
destroying
original
structure,
greatly
reducing
remanufacture
electrodes
simply
technique.
