Annals of Neurology,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
81(3), P. 369 - 382
Published: Feb. 21, 2017
Almost
half
the
cells
and
1%
of
unique
genes
found
in
our
bodies
are
human,
rest
from
microbes,
predominantly
bacteria,
archaea,
fungi,
viruses.
These
microorganisms
collectively
form
human
microbiota,
with
most
colonizing
gut.
Recent
technological
advances,
open
access
data
libraries,
application
high‐throughput
sequencing
have
allowed
these
microbes
to
be
identified
their
contribution
neurological
health
examined.
Emerging
evidence
links
perturbations
gut
microbiota
disease,
including
disease
risk,
activity,
progression.
This
review
provides
an
overview
recent
advances
microbiome
research
relation
neuro(auto)immune
neurodegenerative
conditions
affecting
humans,
such
as
multiple
sclerosis,
neuromyelitis
optica
spectrum
disorders,
Parkinson
Alzheimer
Huntington
amyotrophic
lateral
sclerosis.
Study
design
terminology
used
this
rapidly
evolving,
highly
multidisciplinary
field
summarized
empower
engage
neurology
community
“newly
discovered
organ.”
Ann
Neurol
2017;81:369–382
Physiological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
99(4), P. 1877 - 2013
Published: Aug. 28, 2019
The
importance
of
the
gut-brain
axis
in
maintaining
homeostasis
has
long
been
appreciated.
However,
past
15
yr
have
seen
emergence
microbiota
(the
trillions
microorganisms
within
and
on
our
bodies)
as
one
key
regulators
function
led
to
appreciation
a
distinct
microbiota-gut-brain
axis.
This
is
gaining
ever
more
traction
fields
investigating
biological
physiological
basis
psychiatric,
neurodevelopmental,
age-related,
neurodegenerative
disorders.
brain
communicate
with
each
other
via
various
routes
including
immune
system,
tryptophan
metabolism,
vagus
nerve
enteric
nervous
involving
microbial
metabolites
such
short-chain
fatty
acids,
branched
chain
amino
peptidoglycans.
Many
factors
can
influence
composition
early
life,
infection,
mode
birth
delivery,
use
antibiotic
medications,
nature
nutritional
provision,
environmental
stressors,
host
genetics.
At
extreme
diversity
diminishes
aging.
Stress,
particular,
significantly
impact
at
all
stages
life.
Much
recent
work
implicated
gut
many
conditions
autism,
anxiety,
obesity,
schizophrenia,
Parkinson’s
disease,
Alzheimer’s
disease.
Animal
models
paramount
linking
regulation
fundamental
neural
processes,
neurogenesis
myelination,
microbiome
activation
microglia.
Moreover,
translational
human
studies
are
ongoing
will
greatly
enhance
field.
Future
focus
understanding
mechanisms
underlying
attempt
elucidate
microbial-based
intervention
therapeutic
strategies
for
neuropsychiatric
Microorganisms,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
7(1), P. 14 - 14
Published: Jan. 10, 2019
Each
individual
is
provided
with
a
unique
gut
microbiota
profile
that
plays
many
specific
functions
in
host
nutrient
metabolism,
maintenance
of
structural
integrity
the
mucosal
barrier,
immunomodulation,
and
protection
against
pathogens.
Gut
are
composed
different
bacteria
species
taxonomically
classified
by
genus,
family,
order,
phyla.
human's
shaped
early
life
as
their
composition
depends
on
infant
transitions
(birth
gestational
date,
type
delivery,
methods
milk
feeding,
weaning
period)
external
factors
such
antibiotic
use.
These
personal
healthy
core
native
remain
relatively
stable
adulthood
but
differ
between
individuals
due
to
enterotypes,
body
mass
index
(BMI)
level,
exercise
frequency,
lifestyle,
cultural
dietary
habits.
Accordingly,
there
not
optimal
since
it
for
each
individual.
However,
host⁻microorganism
balance
must
be
respected
order
optimally
perform
metabolic
immune
prevent
disease
development.
This
review
will
provide
an
overview
studies
focus
balances
same
highlight
close
mutualistic
relationship
variations
diseases.
Indeed,
dysbiosis
associated
only
intestinal
disorders
also
numerous
extra-intestinal
diseases
neurological
disorders.
Understanding
cause
or
consequence
these
health
how
maintain
restore
should
useful
developing
promising
therapeutic
interventions.
Scientific Reports,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
7(1)
Published: Oct. 13, 2017
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD)
is
the
most
common
form
of
dementia.
However,
etiopathogenesis
this
devastating
not
fully
understood.
Recent
studies
in
rodents
suggest
that
alterations
gut
microbiome
may
contribute
to
amyloid
deposition,
yet
microbial
communities
associated
with
AD
have
been
characterized
humans.
Towards
end,
we
bacterial
taxonomic
composition
fecal
samples
from
participants
and
without
a
diagnosis
dementia
due
AD.
Our
analyses
revealed
has
decreased
diversity
compositionally
distinct
control
age-
sex-matched
individuals.
We
identified
phylum-
through
genus-wide
differences
abundance
including
Firmicutes,
increased
Bacteroidetes,
Bifidobacterium
participants.
Furthermore,
observed
correlations
between
levels
differentially
abundant
genera
cerebrospinal
fluid
(CSF)
biomarkers
These
findings
add
growing
list
diseases
alterations,
as
well
be
target
for
therapeutic
intervention.
