Long COVID: pathophysiological factors and abnormalities of coagulation

Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 34(6), P. 321 - 344

Published: April 19, 2023

Acute COVID-19 infection is followed by prolonged symptoms in approximately one ten cases: known as Long COVID. The disease affects ~65 million individuals worldwide. Many pathophysiological processes appear to underlie COVID, including viral factors (persistence, reactivation, and bacteriophagic action of SARS CoV-2); host (chronic inflammation, metabolic endocrine dysregulation, immune autoimmunity); downstream impacts (tissue damage from the initial infection, tissue hypoxia, dysbiosis, autonomic nervous system dysfunction). These mechanisms culminate long-term persistence disorder characterized a thrombotic endothelialitis, endothelial hyperactivated platelets, fibrinaloid microclots. abnormalities blood vessels coagulation affect every organ represent unifying pathway for various

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 2022 update: transition of the pandemic to the endemic phase

Human Genomics, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 16(1)

Published: June 1, 2022

Abstract COVID-19, which is caused by the SARS-CoV-2, has ravaged world for past 2 years. Here, we review current state of research into disease with focus on its history, human genetics and genomics transition from pandemic to endemic phase. We are particularly concerned lack solid information initial phases that highlighted necessity better preparation face similar future threats. On other hand, gratified progress genetic susceptibility investigations believe now time explore The latter will require worldwide vigilance cooperation, especially in emerging countries. In phase, vaccination rates have lagged developed countries should assist, as warranted, bolstering worldwide. also discuss status vaccines outlook COVID-19.

Language: Английский

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“LONG COVID”—A hypothesis for understanding the biological basis and pharmacological treatment strategy

Pharmacology Research & Perspectives, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10(1)

Published: Jan. 13, 2022

Abstract Infection of humans with SARS‐CoV‐2 virus causes a disease known colloquially as “COVID‐19” symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia. Initial pathology is due the binding ACE‐2 protein on endothelial cells lining blood vessels and entering these in order replicate. Viral replication oxidative stress elevated levels reactive oxygen species. Many (~60%) infected people appear have eliminated their body after 28 days resume normal activity. However, significant proportion (~40%) experience variety (loss smell and/or taste, fatigue, cough, aching pain, “brain fog,” insomnia, shortness breath, tachycardia) 12 weeks are diagnosed syndrome named “LONG COVID.” Longitudinal clinical studies group subjects who were been compared non‐infected matched subjects. A cohort can be identified by battery cytokine markers persistent, low level grade inflammation often self‐report two or more troubling symptoms. There no drug that will relieve effectively. It hypothesized drugs activate intracellular transcription factor, nuclear factor erythroid‐derived 2‐like 2 (NRF2) may increase expression enzymes synthesize antioxidant, glutathione quench free radicals causing stress. The hormone melatonin has an activator NRF2 relatively safe chemical for most ingest chronically. Thus, it option consideration re‐purposing COVID” experiencing depression, fog” but not tachycardia. Appropriately designed trials required evaluate melatonin.

Language: Английский

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Neuropsychiatric aspects of long COVID: A comprehensive review

Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 77(2), P. 84 - 93

Published: Nov. 17, 2022

Although some patients have persistent symptoms or develop new following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, neuropsychiatric aspects of long COVID are not well known. This review summarizes and provides an update on the dimensions COVID. Its manifestations commonly include fatigue, cognitive impairment, sleep disorders, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder. There no specific tests for COVID, but characteristic findings such as hypometabolism positron emission tomography been reported. The possible mechanisms inflammation, ischemic effects, direct viral invasion, social environmental changes. Some patient characteristics severity complications acute COVID-19 infection may be associated with increased risk symptoms. Long resolve spontaneously persist, depending type established treatments lacking, various psychological pharmacological attempted. Vaccination against plays a key role in prevention disease. With differences among SARS-CoV-2 variants, including omicron variant, likely to change future. Further studies clarifying effective warranted.

Language: Английский

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The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of infections with coronaviruses

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Jan. 13, 2023

Coronaviruses can cause serious respiratory tract infections and may also impact other end organs such as the central nervous system, lung heart. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had a devastating on humanity. Understanding mechanisms that contribute to pathogenesis of infections, will set foundation for development new treatments attenuate with coronaviruses host cells tissues. During infection cells, trigger an imbalance between increased production reactive oxygen species (ROS) reduced antioxidant responses leads redox stress. Subsequently, stress contributes antiviral virus-induced inflammation apoptosis ultimately drive cell tissue damage organ disease. However, there is limited understanding how different including SARS-CoV-2, manipulate cellular machinery drives responses. This review aims elucidate involved in replication associated inflammation, apoptotic pathways, autoimmunity, vascular dysfunction collectively multiorgan damage.

Language: Английский

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Understanding Long COVID; Mitochondrial Health and Adaptation—Old Pathways, New Problems

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10(12), P. 3113 - 3113

Published: Dec. 2, 2022

Many people infected with the SARS-CoV-2 suffer long-term symptoms, such as "brain fog", fatigue and clotting problems. Explanations for "long COVID" include immune imbalance, incomplete viral clearance potentially, mitochondrial dysfunction. As conditions sub-optimal function are associated initial severity of disease, their prior health could be key in resistance to long COVID recovery. The SARs virus redirects host metabolism towards replication; response, can metabolically react control virus. Resolution is normally achieved after stress activates a hormetic negative feedback mechanism. It therefore possible that, some individuals function, "tip" into chronic inflammatory cycle. This might explain main including platelet Long thus described virally induced self-perpetuating imbalanced non-resolving state characterised by dysfunction, where reactive oxygen species continually drive inflammation shift glycolysis. would suggest that sufferer's needs "tipped" back using stimulus, physical activity, calorie restriction, or chemical compounds mimic these enhancing perhaps combination inhibitors quell response.

Language: Английский

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Laboratory Findings and Biomarkers in Long COVID: What Do We Know So Far? Insights into Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Therapeutic Perspectives and Challenges

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(13), P. 10458 - 10458

Published: June 21, 2023

Long COVID (LC) encompasses a constellation of long-term symptoms experienced by at least 10% people after the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection, and so far it has affected about 65 million people. The etiology LC remains unclear; however, many pathophysiological pathways may be involved, including viral persistence; chronic, low-grade inflammatory response; immune dysregulation defective reactivation latent viruses; autoimmunity; persistent endothelial dysfunction coagulopathy; gut dysbiosis; hormonal metabolic dysregulation; mitochondrial dysfunction; autonomic nervous system dysfunction. There are no specific tests for diagnosis LC, clinical features laboratory findings biomarkers not specifically relate to LC. Therefore, is paramount importance develop validate that can employed prediction, prognosis its therapeutic response, although this effort hampered challenges pertaining non-specific nature majority manifestations in spectrum, small sample sizes relevant studies other methodological issues. Promising candidate found some patients markers systemic inflammation, acute phase proteins, cytokines chemokines; reflecting persistence, herpesviruses endotheliopathy, coagulation fibrinolysis; microbiota alterations; diverse proteins metabolites; biomarkers; cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. At present, there only two reviews summarizing they do cover entire umbrella current biomarkers, their link etiopathogenetic mechanisms or diagnostic work-up comprehensive manner. Herein, we aim appraise synopsize available evidence on typical classification based pathogenetic main symptomatology frame epidemiological aspects syndrome furthermore assess limitations as well potential implications interventions.

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 and Long COVID: Disruption of the Neurovascular Unit, Blood-Brain Barrier, and Tight Junctions

The Neuroscientist, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 30(4), P. 421 - 439

Published: Sept. 11, 2023

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of disease 2019 (COVID-19), could affect brain structure and function. SARS-CoV-2 can enter through different routes, including olfactory, trigeminal, vagus nerves, blood immunocytes. may also from peripheral a disrupted blood-brain barrier (BBB). The neurovascular unit in brain, composed neurons, astrocytes, endothelial cells, pericytes, protects parenchyma by regulating entry substances blood. astrocytes highly express angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE2), indicating that BBB be disturbed lead to derangements tight junction adherens proteins. This leads increased permeability, leakage components, movement immune cells into parenchyma. cross microvascular an ACE2 receptor–associated pathway. exact mechanism dysregulation COVID-19/neuro-COVID is not clearly known, nor development long COVID. Various biomarkers indicate severity neurologic complications COVID-19 help objectively diagnose those developing review highlights importance disruption, as well some potentially useful COVID-19, COVID/neuro-COVID.

Language: Английский

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Long COVID: Complications, Underlying Mechanisms, and Treatment Strategies

Archives of Microbiology & Immunology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 07(02)

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Long Covid is one of the most prevalent and puzzling conditions that arose with pandemic. Covid-19 infection generally resolves within several weeks but some experience new or lingering symptoms. Though there no formal definition for such symptoms CDC boadly describes long as persons having a wide range new, recurring sustained health issues four more after first being infected SARS-CoV2. The WHO defines manifestation from "probable confirmed" start approximately 3 months onset acute last than 2 months. Numerous studies have looked at implications on various organs. Many specific mechanisms been proposed changes. In this article, we provide an overview main by which induces end-organ damage in recent research studies. We also review treatment options, current clinical trials, other potential therapeutic avenues to control followed information about effect vaccination Covid. Lastly, discuss questions knowledge gaps present understanding believe effects has quality life, future life expectancy are required better understand eventually prevent treat disease. acknowledge not limited those article it may affect offspring therefore, deem important identify prognostic targets condition.

Language: Английский

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Long COVID Definition, Symptoms, Risk Factors, Epidemiology and Autoimmunity: A Narrative Review

American Journal of Medicine Open, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 11, P. 100068 - 100068

Published: Feb. 14, 2024

The virus called SARS-CoV-2 emerged in 2019 and quickly spread worldwide, causing COVID-19. It has greatly impacted on everyday life, healthcare systems, the global economy. In order to save as many lives possible, precautions such social distancing, quarantine, testing policies were implemented, effective vaccines developed. A growing amount of data collected worldwide allowed characterization this new disease, which turned out be more complex than other common respiratory tract infections. An increasing number convalescents presented with a variety non-specific symptoms emerging after acute infection. This possible health problem was identified labelled long COVID. Since then, great effort been made by clinicians scientific community understand underlying mechanisms develop preventive measures treatment. role autoimmunity induced infection development COVID is discussed review. We aim deliver description several conditions an autoimmune background observed COVID-19 convalescents, including Guillain-Barré syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome related thrombosis, Kawasaki disease highlighting relationship between autoimmunity. However, further studies are required determine its true clinical significance.

Language: Английский

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