Extracellular vesicles: a rising star for therapeutics and drug delivery

Journal of Nanobiotechnology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 21(1)

Published: July 20, 2023

Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, natural, cell-derived that contain the same nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids as their source cells. Thus, they can serve natural carriers for therapeutic agents drugs, have many advantages over conventional nanocarriers, including low immunogenicity, good biocompatibility, blood – brain barrier penetration, capacity gene delivery. This review first introduces classification of EVs then discusses several currently popular methods isolating purifying EVs, EVs-mediated drug delivery, functionalization carriers. Thereby, it provides new avenues development EVs-based strategies in different fields medicine. Finally, highlights some challenges future perspectives with regard to clinical application EVs. Graphical

Language: Английский

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Extracellular Vesicle Heterogeneity and Its Impact for Regenerative Medicine Applications

Pharmacological Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 75(5), P. 1043 - 1061

Published: June 6, 2023

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane enclosed particles that involved in physiological and pathological processes. EVs increasingly being studied for therapeutic applications the field of regenerative medicine. Therapeutic application stem has shown great potential to stimulate tissue repair. However, exact mechanisms through which they induce this effect not been fully clarified. This may a large extent be attributed lack knowledge on EV heterogeneity. Recent studies suggest represent heterogeneous population with distinct functions. The heterogeneity can differences their biogenesis, as such, classified into populations then further subcategorized various subpopulations. A better understanding is crucial elucidating action regeneration. review provides an overview latest insights related repair, including different characteristics contribute such heterogeneity, well functional among subtypes. It also sheds light challenges hinder clinical translation EVs. Additionally, innovative isolation techniques studying discussed. Improved active subtypes would promote development tailored therapies aid researchers EV-based therapeutics clinic. Significance Statement Within we discuss properties subpopulations, implications therapeutics. We aim provide new aspects leading preparations, stress importance applications.

Language: Английский

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Engineered mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: A state-of-the-art multifunctional weapon against Alzheimer's disease

Theranostics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(4), P. 1264 - 1285

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

With the increase of population aging, number Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients is also increasing.According to current estimates, approximately 11% people over 65 suffer from AD, and that percentage rises 42% among 85.However, no effective treatment capable decelerating or stopping AD progression available.Furthermore, AD-targeted drugs composed synthetic molecules pose concerns regarding biodegradation, clearance, immune response, neurotoxicity.Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) are essential intercellular communication mediators holding great promise as therapeutics owing their biocompatibility, versatility, effortless storage, superior safety, ability transport messenger noncoding RNAs, proteins, lipids, DNAs, other bioactive compounds derived cells.The functionalisation engineering strategies MSC-EVs highlighted (e.g.preconditioning, drug loading, surface modification, artificial EV fabrication), which could improve by multiple therapeutic effects, including clearing abnormal protein accumulation achieving neuroprotection immunomodulatory effects.Herein, this review summarises state-of-the-art engineer MSC-EVs, discusses progress in use therapeutics, presents perspectives challenges associated with related clinical applications, concludes engineered show immense potential therapy.

Language: Английский

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Exosome-based delivery strategies for tumor therapy: an update on modification, loading, and clinical application

Journal of Nanobiotechnology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 22(1)

Published: Jan. 28, 2024

Malignancy is a major public health problem and among the leading lethal diseases worldwide. Although current tumor treatment methods have therapeutic effect to certain extent, they still some shortcomings such as poor water solubility, short half-life, local systemic toxicity. Therefore, how deliver agent so realize safe effective anti-tumor therapy become urgently be solved in this field. As medium of information exchange material transport between cells, exosomes are considered promising drug delivery carrier due their nano-size, good biocompatibility, natural targeting, easy modification. In review, we summarize recent advances isolation, identification, loading, modification carriers for alongside application therapy. Basic knowledge exosomes, biogenesis, sources, characterization methods, also introduced herein. addition, challenges related use vehicles discussed, along with future trends. This review provides scientific basis exosome systems oncological

Language: Английский

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Engineered exosomes and composite biomaterials for tissue regeneration

Theranostics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(5), P. 2099 - 2126

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Exosomes, which are small vesicles enclosed by a lipid bilayer and released many cell types, widely dispersed have garnered increased attention in the field of regenerative medicine due to their ability serve as indicators diseases agents with therapeutic potential. Exosomes play crucial role mediating intercellular communication through transfer biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, RNA, other molecular constituents, between cells. The targeted transport proteins nucleic acids specific cells has potential enhance or impair biological functions. applications, they can be used alone combination approaches. examination unique attributes functions these factors emerged prominent study realm biomedical research. This manuscript summarizes origins properties exosomes, structural, biological, physical, chemical aspects. paper offers complete recent progress tissue repair medicine, emphasizing possible implications methods forthcoming regeneration attempts.

Language: Английский

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Therapeutic Strategy of Mesenchymal-Stem-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Regenerative Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 23(12), P. 6480 - 6480

Published: June 9, 2022

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer membrane particles that play critical roles in intracellular communication through EV-encapsulated informative content, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) pluripotent with self-renewal ability derived from bone marrow, fat, umbilical cord, menstruation blood, pulp, etc., which they use to induce tissue regeneration by their direct recruitment into injured tissues, the heart, liver, lung, kidney, or secreting factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor insulin-like factor. Recently, MSC-derived EVs have been shown regenerative effects against various diseases, partially due post-transcriptional regulation of target genes miRNAs. Furthermore, garnered attention novel drug delivery systems, because can specially encapsulate molecules. In this review, we summarize molecular mechanisms EVs.

Language: Английский

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Engineering of MSC-Derived Exosomes: A Promising Cell-Free Therapy for Osteoarthritis

Membranes, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(8), P. 739 - 739

Published: July 28, 2022

Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by progressive cartilage degeneration with increasing prevalence and unsatisfactory treatment efficacy. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells play an important role in alleviating OA promoting regeneration, inhibiting synovial inflammation mediating subchondral bone remodeling without the risk of immune rejection tumorigenesis. However, low yield, weak activity, inefficient targeting ability unpredictable side effects natural exosomes have limited their clinical application. At present, various approaches been applied exosome engineering to regulate production function, such as pretreatment parental cells, drug loading, genetic surface modification. Biomaterials also proved facilitate efficient delivery enhance effectiveness. Here, we summarize current understanding biogenesis, isolation characterization exosomes, focus on large-scale preparation engineered well therapeutic potential OA, thus providing novel insights into exploring advanced MSC-derived exosome-based cell-free therapy for OA.

Language: Английский

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Dental pulp regeneration strategies: A review of status quo and recent advances

Bioactive Materials, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 38, P. 258 - 275

Published: May 7, 2024

Microorganisms, physical factors such as temperature or mechanical injury, and chemical free monomers from composite resin are the main causes of dental pulp diseases. Current clinical treatment methods for diseases include root canal therapy, vital therapy regenerative endodontic therapy. Regenerative serves purpose inducing regeneration new functional tissues through autologous revascularization tissue engineering. This article first discusses current reviews strategies well research outcomes regarding regeneration. Then in vivo models, prospects challenges were further discussed.

Language: Английский

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Optimizing mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles for chronic wound healing: Bioengineering, standardization, and safety

Regenerative Therapy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 26, P. 260 - 274

Published: June 1, 2024

Chronic wounds represent a significant global burden, afflicting millions with debilitating complications. Despite standard care, impaired healing persists due to factors like persistent inflammation and tissue regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer an innovative regenerative medicine approach, delivering cell-derived therapeutic cargo in engineered nanoscale delivery systems. This review examines pioneering bioengineering strategies engineer MSC-EVs into precision nanotherapeutics for chronic wounds. Emerging technologies CRISPR gene editing, microfluidic manufacturing, biomimetic systems are highlighted their potential enhance MSC-EV targeting, optimize enrichment, ensure consistent clinical-grade production. However, key hurdles remain, including batch variability, rigorous safety assessment tumorigenicity, immunogenicity, biodistribution profiling. Crucially, collaborative frameworks harmonizing regulatory science patient advocacy hold the expediting clinical translation. By overcoming these challenges, could catalyze new era of off-the-shelf therapies, restoring hope afflicted by non-healing

Language: Английский

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Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in the therapeutic intervention of Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and stroke

Theranostics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(8), P. 3358 - 3384

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

With the increase in aging population, occurrence of neurological disorders is rising.Recently, stem cell therapy has garnered attention due to its convenient sourcing, minimal invasiveness, and capacity for directed differentiation.However, there are some disadvantages, such as poor quality control, safety assessments, ethical logistical issues.Consequently, scientists have started shift their from cells extracellular vesicles similar structures properties.Beyond these parallels, can enhance biocompatibility, facilitate easy traversal barriers, minimize side effects.Furthermore, cell-derived be engineered load drugs modify surfaces treatment outcomes.In this review, we summarize functions native vesicles, subsequently review strategies engineering applications Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's stroke, discuss challenges solutions associated with clinical translation vesicles.

Language: Английский

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