The Endocannabinoid System and the Brain

Annual Review of Psychology, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 64(1), P. 21 - 47

Published: July 19, 2012

The psychoactive constituent in cannabis, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), was isolated the mid-1960s, but cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, major endogenous cannabinoids (anandamide 2-arachidonoyl glycerol) were identified only 20 to 25 years later. system affects both central nervous (CNS) peripheral processes. In this review, we have tried summarize research--with an emphasis on recent publications--on actions of endocannabinoid anxiety, depression, neurogenesis, reward, cognition, learning, memory. effects are at times biphasic--lower doses causing opposite those seen high doses. Recently, numerous endocannabinoid-like compounds been brain. Only a few investigated for their CNS activity, future investigations action may throw light wide spectrum brain functions.

Language: Английский

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Effects of Cannabis Use on Human Behavior, Including Cognition, Motivation, and Psychosis: A Review

JAMA Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 73(3), P. 292 - 292

Published: Feb. 4, 2016

With a political debate about the potential risks and benefits of cannabis use as backdrop, wave legalization liberalization initiatives continues to spread. Four states (Colorado, Washington, Oregon, Alaska) District Columbia have passed laws that legalized for recreational by adults, 23 others plus now regulate medical purposes. These policy changes could trigger broad range unintended consequences, with profound lasting implications health social systems in our country. Cannabis is emerging one among many interacting factors can affect brain development mental function. To inform discourse scientific evidence, literature was reviewed identify what known not effects on human behavior, including cognition, motivation, psychosis.

Language: Английский

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Acute and Chronic Effects of Cannabinoids on Human Cognition—A Systematic Review

Biological Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 79(7), P. 557 - 567

Published: Dec. 12, 2015

Language: Английский

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Acute Cannabinoids Impair Working Memory through Astroglial CB1 Receptor Modulation of Hippocampal LTD

Cell, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 148(5), P. 1039 - 1050

Published: March 1, 2012

Language: Английский

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Distinct Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol on Neural Activation During Emotional Processing

Archives of General Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2009, Volume and Issue: 66(1), P. 95 - 95

Published: Jan. 1, 2009

Context

Cannabis use can both increase and reduce anxiety in humans. The neurophysiological substrates of these effects are unknown.

Objective

To investigate the 2 main psychoactive constituents ofCannabis sativa(Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol [Δ9-THC] cannabidiol [CBD]) on regional brain function during emotional processing.

Design

Subjects were studied 3 separate occasions using an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm while viewing faces that implicitly elicited different levels anxiety. Each scanning session was preceded by ingestion either 10 mg Δ9-THC, 600 CBD, or a placebo double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design.

Participants

Fifteen healthy, English-native, right-handed men who had used cannabis 15 times less their life.

Main Outcome Measures

Regional activation (blood oxygenation level–dependent response), electrodermal activity (skin conductance response [SCR]), objective subjective ratings

Results

Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol increased anxiety, as well intoxication, sedation, psychotic symptoms, whereas there trend for reduction following administration CBD. number SCR fluctuations processing intensely fearful Δ9-THC but decreased Cannabidiol attenuated blood signal amygdala anterior posterior cingulate cortex subjects faces, its suppression amygdalar responses correlated with concurrent fluctuations. mainly modulated frontal parietal areas.

Conclusions

CBD clearly distinct neural, electrodermal, symptomatic to faces. limbic paralimbic regions may contribute ability autonomic arousal anxiogenic be related other regions.

Language: Английский

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Cannabidiol inhibits THC-elicited paranoid symptoms and hippocampal-dependent memory impairment

Journal of Psychopharmacology, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 27(1), P. 19 - 27

Published: Oct. 5, 2012

Community-based studies suggest that cannabis products are high in Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) but low cannabidiol (CBD) particularly hazardous for mental health. Laboratory-based ideal clarifying this issue because THC and CBD can be administered pure form, under controlled conditions. In a between-subjects design, we tested the hypothesis pre-treatment with inhibited THC-elicited psychosis cognitive impairment. Healthy participants were randomised to receive oral 600mg ( n=22) or placebo n=26), 210 min ahead of intravenous (IV) (1.5 mg). Post-THC, there lower PANSS positive scores group, did not reach statistical significance. However, clinically significant psychotic symptoms (defined priori as increases ≥3 points) less likely group compared odds ratio (OR)=0.22 (χ 2 =4.74, p<0.05). agreement, post-THC paranoia, rated State Social Paranoia Scale (SSPS), was t=2.28, Episodic memory, indexed by on Hopkins Verbal Learning Task-revised (HVLT-R), poorer, relative baseline, pre-treated (-10.6±18.9%) (-0.4%±9.7 %) t=2.39, These findings support idea high-THC/low-CBD associated increased risks

Language: Английский

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What are the specific vs. generalized effects of drugs of abuse on neuropsychological performance?

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Journal Year: 2010, Volume and Issue: 35(3), P. 377 - 406

Published: May 7, 2010

Language: Английский

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The Chronic Effects of Cannabis on Memory in Humans: A Review

Current Drug Abuse Reviews, Journal Year: 2008, Volume and Issue: 1(1), P. 81 - 98

Published: Jan. 1, 2008

Memory problems are frequently associated with cannabis use, in both the short- and long-term. To date, reviews on long-term cognitive sequelae of use have examined a broad range functions, none specifically focused memory. Consequently, this review sought to examine literature specific memory function users unintoxicated state aim identifying existence nature impairment appraising potentially related mediators or moderators. Literature searches were conducted extract well-controlled studies that investigated outside acute intoxication period, focus reviewing published within past 10 years. Most recent working verbal episodic cumulatively, evidence suggests impaired encoding, storage, manipulation retrieval mechanisms heavy users. These impairments not dissimilar those been duration, frequency, dose age onset use. We consider impact only parameters manifestation dysfunction, but also such factors as age, neurodevelopmental stage, IQ, gender, various vulnerabilities other substance-use interactions, context neural efficiency compensatory mechanisms. The precise deficits users, their substrates requires much further exploration through variety behavioural, functional brain imaging, prospective genetic studies. Keywords: Cannabis, memory, effects, cognition, human

Language: Английский

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Lower-Risk Cannabis Use Guidelines: A Comprehensive Update of Evidence and Recommendations

American Journal of Public Health, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 107(8), P. e1 - e12

Published: June 23, 2017

Cannabis use is common in North America, especially among young people, and associated with a risk of various acute chronic adverse health outcomes. control regimes are evolving, for example toward national legalization policy Canada, the aim to improve public health, thus require evidence-based interventions. As cannabis-related outcomes may be influenced by behaviors that modifiable user, Lower-Risk Use Guidelines (LRCUG)-akin similar guidelines other fields-offer valuable, targeted prevention tool outcomes.To systematically review, update, quality-grade evidence on behavioral factors determining from cannabis translate this into revised LRCUG as intervention based an expert consensus process.We used pertinent medical search terms structured strategies, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library databases, reference lists primarily systematic reviews meta-analyses, additional use.We included studies if they focused potentially behavior-based risks or harms use, excluded was assessed therapeutic purposes.We screened titles abstracts all identified strategy full texts eligible inclusion; 2 authors independently extracted data review. We created Preferred Reporting Items Systematic Reviews Meta-Analyses flow-charts each topical searches. Subsequently, we summarized factor topic, quality-graded it following standard (Grading Recommendations Assessment, Development, Evaluation; GRADE) criteria, translated recommendations author collective basis iterative process.For most recommendations, there at least "substantial" (i.e., good-quality) evidence. developed 10 major lower-risk use: (1) effective way avoid use-related abstinence, (2) early age initiation definitively before 16 years), (3) choose low-potency tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) balanced THC-to-cannabidiol (CBD)-ratio products, (4) abstain using synthetic cannabinoids, (5) combusted inhalation give preference nonsmoking methods, (6) deep risky practices, (7) high-frequency (e.g., daily near-daily) (8) cannabis-impaired driving, (9) populations higher problems should altogether, (10) combining previously mentioned use).Evidence indicates substantial extent reduced informed choices users. The serve population-level education inform such user improved However, ought communicated supported key regulation measures product labeling, content regulation) effective. All these concretely possible under emerging regimes, actively implemented regulatory authorities. impact reducing evaluated. Public implications. including uncertain impacts health. Evidence-based offer valuable reduce (especially young) users contexts, hence contribute

Language: Английский

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Secondary metabolism in cannabis

Phytochemistry Reviews, Journal Year: 2008, Volume and Issue: 7(3), P. 615 - 639

Published: April 7, 2008

Language: Английский

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