International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
20(5), P. 4206 - 4206
Published: Feb. 27, 2023
Introduction:
Increasing
cannabis
legalization
raises
concerns
that
the
use
of
tobacco,
frequently
used
with
cannabis,
will
also
increase.
This
study
investigated
association
between
legal
status
in
places
residence
and
prevalence
tobacco
co-use,
simultaneous
use,
mixing
by
comparing
among
adults
Canada
(prior
to
legalization)
vs.
US
states
had
legalized
recreational
not
as
September
2018.
Methods:
Data
were
drawn
from
2018
International
Cannabis
Policy
Study,
conducted
respondents
aged
16–65
recruited
nonprobability
consumer
panels.
Differences
different
products
examined
using
logistic
regression
models
place
past-12-month
consumers
(N
=
6744).
Results:
Co-use
past
12
months
most
common
states.
Among
consumers,
co-use
less
states,
while
was
frequent
both
illegal
compared
Canada.
Use
edibles
associated
lower
odds
all
three
outcomes,
smoking
dried
herb
or
hash
higher
odds.
Conclusions:
The
proportion
who
jurisdictions
despite
use.
Edible
inversely
suggesting
edible
does
appear
be
increased
Addiction,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
116(5), P. 1000 - 1010
Published: Nov. 7, 2020
Abstract
Background
and
aims
Cannabis
products
with
high
delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC)
concentrations
carry
an
increased
risk
of
addiction
mental
health
disorders,
while
it
has
been
suggested
that
cannabidiol
(CBD)
may
moderate
the
effects
THC.
This
study
aimed
to
systematically
review
meta‐analyse
changes
in
THC
CBD
cannabis
over
time
(PROSPERO
registration:
CRD42019130055).
Design
Embase,
MEDLINE®
Epub
Ahead
Print,
In‐Process
Other
Non‐Indexed
Citations
Daily,
Global
Health,
PsycINFO
Scopus
were
searched
from
inception
27/03/2019
for
observational
studies
reporting
mean
and/or
concentration
at
least
three
annual
points.
Searches
extraction
conducted
by
two
independent
reviewers.
Random
meta‐regression
models
estimated
each
product
within
study;
these
estimates
pooled
across
random
models.
Results
We
identified
12
eligible
USA,
UK,
Netherlands,
France,
Denmark,
Italy
New
Zealand.
For
all
herbal
cannabis,
0.29%
year
(95%
CI:
0.11,
0.47),
P
<
0.001
based
on
66
747
samples
eight
studies,
1970–2017.
resin,
0.57%
0.10,
1.03),
=
0.017
17
371
1975–2017.
There
was
no
evidence
[−0.01%
−0.02,
0.01),
0.280;
49
434
five
1995–2017]
or
resin
[0.03%
−0.11,
0.18),
0.651;
11
382
six
1992–2017].
Risk
bias
low
apart
non‐random
sampling
most
studies.
substantial
heterogeneity.
Conclusions
Concentrations
international
markets
1970
2017
remained
stable.
Increases
greater
than
cannabis.
Rising
attributable
market
share
high‐THC
sinsemilla
relative
low‐THC
traditional
World Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
19(2), P. 179 - 186
Published: May 11, 2020
The
sale
of
cannabis
for
adult
recreational
use
has
been
made
legal
in
nine
US
states
since
2012,
and
nationally
Uruguay
2013
Canada
2018.
We
review
research
on
the
effects
legalization
among
adults
adolescents
cannabis-related
harms;
impact
legalizing
price,
availability,
potency
use;
regulatory
policies
that
may
increase
or
limit
adverse
legalization.
substantially
reduced
price
cannabis,
increased
its
potency,
more
available
to
users.
It
appears
have
frequency
adults,
but
not
so
far
youth.
also
emergency
department
attendances
hospitalizations
some
harms.
relatively
modest
date
probably
reflect
restrictions
number
locations
retail
outlets
constraints
commercialization
under
a
continued
federal
prohibition
cannabis.
Future
evaluations
should
monitor:
sales
volumes,
prices
content
tetrahydrocannabinol;
prevalence
household
high
school
surveys;
car
crash
fatalities
injuries
involving
drivers
who
are
cannabis-impaired;
presentations
related
cannabis;
demand
treatment
disorders;
regular
vulnerable
young
people
mental
health
services,
schools
criminal
justice
system.
Governments
propose
legalize
regulate
need
fund
monitor
impacts
these
policy
changes
public
health,
take
advantage
this
develop
ways
regulating
can-nabis
minimize
health.
Addiction,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
115(7), P. 1207 - 1216
Published: Oct. 12, 2019
Abstract
Background
and
Aims
Cannabis
products
are
becoming
increasingly
diverse,
vary
considerably
in
concentrations
of
∆
9
‐tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC)
cannabidiol
(CBD).
Higher
doses
THC
can
increase
the
risk
harm
from
cannabis,
while
CBD
may
partially
offset
some
these
effects.
Lower
Risk
Use
Guidelines
currently
lack
recommendations
based
on
quantity
use,
could
be
improved
by
implementing
standard
units.
However,
there
is
no
consensus
how
units
should
measured
or
standardized
among
different
cannabis
methods
administration.
Argument
Existing
proposals
for
have
been
specific
administration
(e.g.
joints)
not
capture
other
methods,
including
pipes,
bongs,
blunts,
dabbing,
vaporizers,
vape
pens,
edibles
liquids.
Other
grams
cannabis)
cannot
account
heterogeneity
products.
Similar
to
alcohol
units,
we
argue
that
reflect
primary
active
pharmacological
constituents
(dose
THC).
On
basis
experimental
ecological
data,
public
health
considerations
existing
policy,
propose
a
‘standard
unit’
fixed
at
5
mg
all
If
supported
sufficient
evidence
future,
consumption
might
offer
an
additional
strategy
reduction.
Conclusions
Standard
potentially
applied
guide
consumers
promote
safer
patterns
use.
International Journal of Drug Policy,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
99, P. 103381 - 103381
Published: Aug. 28, 2021
Cannabis
use
is
common,
especially
among
young
people,
and
associated
with
risks
for
various
health
harms.
Some
jurisdictions
have
recently
moved
to
legalization/regulation
pursuing
public
goals.
Evidence-based
'Lower
Risk
Use
Guidelines'
(LRCUG)
recommendations
were
previously
developed
reduce
modifiable
risk
factors
of
cannabis-related
adverse
outcomes;
related
evidence
has
evolved
substantially
since.
We
aimed
review
new
scientific
develop
comprehensively
up-to-date
LRCUG,
including
their
recommendations,
on
this
basis.
Targeted
searches
literature
(since
2016)
main
outcomes
by
the
user-individual
conducted.
Topical
areas
informed
previous
LRCUG
content
expanded
upon
current
evidence.
Searches
preferentially
focused
systematic
reviews,
supplemented
key
individual
studies.
The
results
evidence-graded,
topically
organized
narratively
summarized;
through
an
iterative
expert
consensus
development
process.
A
substantial
body
cannabis
use-related
harms
identified
varying
quality.
Twelve
substantive
recommendation
clusters
three
precautionary
statements
developed.
In
general,
suggests
that
individuals
can
if
they
delay
onset
until
after
adolescence,
avoid
high-potency
(THC)
products
high-frequency/-intensity
use,
refrain
from
smoking-routes
administration.
While
people
are
particularly
vulnerable
harms,
other
sub-groups
(e.g.,
pregnant
women,
drivers,
older
adults,
those
co-morbidities)
advised
exercise
particular
caution
risks.
Legal/regulated
should
be
used
where
possible.
result
in
outcomes,
mostly
higher-risk
use.
Reducing
help
offer
one
targeted
intervention
component
within
a
comprehensive
approach
They
require
effective
audience-tailoring
dissemination,
regular
updating
as
become
available,
evaluated
impact.
