Understanding the drivers ofSoutheastAsian biodiversity loss

Ecosphere, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2017

Abstract Southeast Asia (SE Asia) is a known global hotspot of biodiversity and endemism, yet the region also one most biotically threatened. Ecosystems across are threatened by an array drivers, each which increases probability extinction species in variety ecosystems. These issues symptomatic that face tropics; however, with around 4 billion people wider associated pressures on biodiversity, this may be under some greatest levels biotic threat. Deforestation rates SE highest globally, additionally it has rate mining tropics, number hydropower dams construction, consumption for traditional medicines threat to globally. In review, threats regional Asian discussed. Tree‐plantations deforestation represent imminent threats, countries have already lost over half their original forest cover (i.e., Philippines, parts Indonesia), projections as much 98% loss regions coming decade. Hunting trade significant demand stems not only food, but medicine, ornamentation, status symbol. Mining represents frequently overlooked threat, exporters limestone various minerals cost through direct areas mines, development roads further fragment landscape, leakage heavy metals, destruction karsts, endemicity hotspots. Reservoir wetland drainage, fires, pollution, invasive species, disease, finally climate change considered. Once issue been discussed, overall prognosis priority actions protect future

Language: Английский

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Combined impacts of deforestation and wildlife trade on tropical biodiversity are severely underestimated

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: Sept. 27, 2018

Tropical forest diversity is simultaneously threatened by habitat loss and exploitation for wildlife trade. Quantitative conservation assessments have previously considered these threats separately, yet their impacts frequently act together. We integrate extent maps in 2000 2015 with a method of quantifying pressure based upon species' commercial value accessibility. do so 308 forest-dependent bird species, which 77 are commercially traded, the Southeast Asian biodiversity hotspot Sundaland. find 89% (274) species experienced average losses 16% estimate led to mean population declines 37%. Assessing combined deforestation indicates exploited much higher (54%), nearly doubling regionally endemic (from 27 51) extinction that should be IUCN Red Listed. Combined assessment major vital accurately quantify loss.

Language: Английский

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Assembly and division of the South and South-East Asian flora in relation to tectonics and climate change

Journal of Tropical Ecology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 34(4), P. 209 - 234

Published: July 1, 2018

Abstract: The main phases of plant dispersal into, and out the South-East Asian region are discussed in relation to plate tectonics changing climates. area was a backwater angiosperm evolution until collision Indian Plate with Asia during early Cenozoic. Late Cretaceous remains poorly understood, but Paleocene topography mountainous, climate probably seasonally dry, result that frost-tolerant conifers were common upland areas low-diversity East aspect flora occurred at low altitudes. India's drift into perhumid latitudes Eocene brought opportunities for diverse groups megathermal angiosperms which originated West Gondwana. They successfully dispersed became established across region, initially carried by wind or birds, beginning about 49 Ma, terrestrial connection after 41 Ma. Many lineages went extinct, few opposite direction India. Oligocene time dry climates except along eastern southern seaboard Sundaland, Australian Sunda end widespread conditions region. uplift Himalaya, coinciding middle Miocene thermal maximum, created evergreen taxa disperse north India, then late strengthening monsoon, expanded India Indochina, resulting eventually disappearance closed forest over much peninsula. This drying affected Sunda, it is thought unlikely ‘savanna’ corridor present Pleistocene. Some dispersals from Australasia following its New Guinea islands Wallacea, Gondwanan montane also found their way Phases allopatric speciation further opportunities. There abundant evidence suggest Pleistocene refuge theory applies

Language: Английский

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Genomic analysis reveals hidden biodiversity within colugos, the sister group to primates

Science Advances, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 2(8)

Published: Aug. 5, 2016

The colugo genome reveals hidden biodiversity and the sister group to primates.

Language: Английский

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Tapping the woodpecker tree for evolutionary insight

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 116, P. 182 - 191

Published: Sept. 7, 2017

Language: Английский

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What makes the Sino‐Himalayan mountains the major diversity hotspots for pheasants?

Journal of Biogeography, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 45(3), P. 640 - 651

Published: Dec. 27, 2017

Abstract Aim The Sino‐Himalayas have higher species richness than adjacent regions, making them a global biodiversity hotspot. Various mechanisms, including ecological constraints, energetic diversification rate (DivRate) variation, time‐for‐speciation effect and multiple colonizations, been posited to explain this pattern. We used pheasants (Aves: Phasianidae) as model group test these hypotheses understand the evolutionary processes that generated extraordinary diversity in mountains. Location regions. Taxon Pheasants. Methods Using distribution maps predicted by models ( SDM s) time‐calibrated phylogeny for pheasants, we examined relationships between predictors net primary productivity NPP ), niche (NicheDiv), DivRate, time (EvolTime) colonization frequency using Pearson's correlations structural equation modelling SEM ). reconstructed ancestral ranges at nodes basal/derived patterns reveal mechanisms underlying gradients Sino‐Himalayas. Results found originated Africa early Oligocene (~33 Ma), then colonized Sino‐Himalayan mountains other In Sino‐Himalayas, was strongly related , NicheDiv frequency, but weakly correlated with EvolTime. direct effects of DivRate on were stronger indirectly influenced via its relatively weak. Main conclusions Higher both mechanisms. An increase available niches, rapid diversifications colonizations be key build‐up hotspots Productivity had an important indirect richness, which worked through increased DivRate. Our study offers new insights accumulation provides useful understanding hotspots.

Language: Английский

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Ancestral range reconstruction of Galliformes: the effects of topology and taxon sampling

Journal of Biogeography, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 44(1), P. 122 - 135

Published: July 21, 2016

Abstract Aim We examined divergence times and biogeography of the avian order Galliformes (which, despite a nearly world‐wide distribution, includes many weak fliers), to test whether current distributions reflect vicariance or long‐distance dispersal. also tested impact taxon sampling tree topology on our estimates historical biogeography. Location World‐wide. Methods generated timetrees for all major galliform lineages using several fossil calibrations combination mitochondrial nuclear data. compared reconstructed ancestral ranges this timetree galliforms from recent synthetic birds. Thus, we explored sensitivity conclusions differences in sampling. Results The results suggest late Cretaceous origins Megapodiidae possibly Cracidae, earliest diverging families. other families diversified Eocene after break‐up Gondwana, contrary previous suggestions. Both affected area estimates, although nodes were consistent among approaches. Main Divergences Numididae, Odontophoridae Phasianidae occurred Africa, with subsequent dispersal continents. Reconstructed ancestors families, are less conclusive, but may have involved South American origin, then is likely been important galliforms, reflecting more vagile repeated range expansions contractions. There appears be trade‐off between use trees rich limited data, where key taxa can misplaced, robust missing taxa. When biogeographically included, complete does not appear necessary accurate reconstruction. Robust that include targeted based their distribution best way improve understanding

Language: Английский

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Oceanic islands of Wallacea as a source for dispersal and diversification of murine rodents

Journal of Biogeography, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 46(12), P. 2752 - 2768

Published: Oct. 1, 2019

Abstract Aim To determine the historical dynamics of colonization and whether relative timing predicts diversification rate in species‐rich, murine rodent communities Indo‐Australia. Location Indo‐Australian Archipelago including Sunda shelf continental Asia, Sahul Australia, Philippines Wallacea Indonesia. Taxon Order Rodentia, Family Muridae. Methods We used a fossil‐calibrated molecular phylogeny Bayesian biogeographical modelling to infer frequency temporal sequence transitions among Sunda, Sahul, Wallacea. estimated rates for each colonizing lineage using method‐of‐moments estimator net mixture model estimates shifts. Results identified 17 transitions, nine originating from seven Sulawesi broader one Sahul. was colonized eight times, Phillipines five twice twice. Net ranged 0.2 2.12 species/lineage/My with higher secondary later colonizers than primary colonizers. The highest were genus Rattus their closest relatives, irrespective history. Main Conclusions Our inferences murines demonstrate once again substantial role islands as sources species diversity terrestrial vertebrates IAA most speciation events occurring on islands. have been major source colonists both island systems. Crossings Wallace's Line more common subsequent across Lydekker's east. While following oceanic archipelagos large is consistent adaptive radiation theory ideas regarding ecological opportunity, we did not observe strong signal incumbency effects. Rather, landmasses radiated unhindered by previous radiations.

Language: Английский

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The Nanling Mountains of southern China played a variable role as a barrier and refuge for birds depending upon landscape structure and timing of events

Journal of Avian Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 2024(5-6)

Published: Jan. 11, 2024

The Nanling Mountains, an important mountain range and watershed in south China, harbor a wealth of relictual plant species, are considered ‘museum' subtropical biodiversity. With respect to birds, however, the roles Mountains impeding dispersal birds and, as result, shaping their population community structures have received little consideration. To examine these roles, we compiled analyzed two datasets. 1) test mountains' influence on gene flow, undertook comparative phylogeographic study comparing mitochondrial COI Cytb DNA sequences five sylvioid resident bird species mountains (Huet's fulvetta Alcippe hueti , red‐billed leiothrix Leiothrix lutea greater necklaced laughingthrush Pterorhinus pectoralis Indochinese yuhina Staphida torqueola bulbul Ixos mcclellandii ). 2) differential development over history modern examined distributional data all region using public occurrence records. For part 1), sampled 327 individuals from 36 sites conducted correlation analysis genetic geographic distances, taking into account landscape mountains. We found that do not seriously impede flow among populations but influenced differently. 2), 446 81 families indicated family membership composition region. Variation distributions is attributable both environmental evolutionary factors. Overall, currently substantial barrier studied act corridor refuge for birds. However, analyses higher ranked suggest acted older times, corresponding known diversification events southeast Asian avifauna.

Language: Английский

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Sequence biostratigraphic framework for the Oligocene to Pliocene of Malaysia: High-frequency depositional cycles driven by polar glaciation

Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 561, P. 110058 - 110058

Published: Oct. 4, 2020

This paper reviews quantitative biostratigraphic data from 101 petroleum exploration wells the Malay, Sarawak and Sabah basins, places stratigraphy of each area into a precise chronostratigraphic framework comprising 41 transgressive-regressive depositional packages which are fully defined here. Each package is 'fingerprinted' by foraminiferal, nannofossil palynological index fossils, then tied to global pattern glacio-eustatic sea level climate changes based on δ18O δ13C datasets used calibrate geological timescale. The result tightly constrained that applicable deep shallow water high accuracy. It concluded there sedimentation 'pulsebeat' across Southeast Asia, independent local regional tectonics, driven patterns change. For Oligocene Miocene, Antarctic glaciation key driver, whereas Pliocene cycles mainly expansion contraction Northern Hemisphere glaciers. new allows unconformities Malaysia be better characterised, different classification schemes seismic "Groups" in Malay Penyu "Cycles" offshore "Stages" western correlated. Also, with clear understanding effect fluctuating levels region, it easier make firm judgments regarding tectonics. study also characterises systems tracts shelf basin floor using biostatigraphic assemblages, should help ground-truthing architecture sequences region seismic. proposed as an alternative outdated TB scheme Haq et al. (1988), widely interpret Sabah.

Language: Английский

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