Drivers of the relative richness of naturalized and invasive plant species on Earth

AoB Plants, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 11(5)

Published: Aug. 17, 2019

Biological invasions are a defining feature of the Anthropocene, but factors that determine spatially uneven distribution alien plant species still poorly understood. Here, we present first global analysis effects biogeographic factors, physical environment and socio-economy on richness naturalized invasive plants. We used generalized linear mixed-effects models variation partitioning to disentangle relative importance individual and, more broadly, biogeography, socio-economy. As measures magnitude permanent anthropogenic additions regional pool with negative environmental impacts, calculated (= RRN) RRI) numbers adjusted for number native in 838 terrestrial regions. Socio-economic (per-capita gross domestic product (GDP), population density, proportion agricultural land) were important explaining RRI (~50 % explained variation) than RRN (~40 %). Warm-temperate (sub)tropical regions have higher tropical or cooler found socio-economic pressures relevant richness. The expectation southern hemisphere is invaded northern was confirmed only islands, not mainland nor RRI. On average, islands ~6-fold RRN, >3-fold compared Eighty-two (=26 all islands) harbour Our findings challenge widely held naturalization To meet international biodiversity targets halt detrimental consequences invasions, it essential disrupt connection between development by improving pathway management, early detection rapid response.

Language: Английский

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Mountain roads and non‐native species modify elevational patterns of plant diversity

Global Ecology and Biogeography, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 27(6), P. 667 - 678

Published: March 13, 2018

Abstract Aim We investigated patterns of species richness and community dissimilarity along elevation gradients using globally replicated, standardized surveys vascular plants. asked how these diversity are influenced by anthropogenic pressures (road construction non‐native species). Location Global. Time period 2008–2015. Major taxa studied Vascular Methods Native plant were recorded in 943 plots 25 gradients, nine mountain regions, on four continents. Sampling took place away from roads. analysed the effects distance road (beta‐diversity), assessed modified such elevational patterns. Results Globally, native total showed a unimodal relationship with that peaked at lower‐mid elevations, but altered roads due to species. Differences between regions disappeared roadsides, changed patterns’ character all study regions. Community was reduced roadsides through also found significant decay beta‐diversity, which however not affected or Main conclusions Idiosyncratic implicate region‐specific mechanisms underlying However, clearer signal emerged mostly mid‐elevations. conclude both lead homogenization communities mountains.

Language: Английский

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Effects of large herbivores on tundra vegetation in a changing climate, and implications for rewilding

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 373(1761), P. 20170437 - 20170437

Published: Oct. 22, 2018

In contrast to that of the Pleistocene epoch, between approximately 2.6 million and 10 000 years before present, extant community large herbivores in Arctic tundra is species-poor predominantly due human extinctions. We here discuss how this herbivore guild influences ecosystems, especially relation rapidly changing climate. show present assemblages have effects on ecosystem composition function suggest effect thermophilic species expected invade a warmer climate strong, slow responses change. focus ability drive transitions different vegetation states. One such transition forest. A second discussed grasslands moss- shrub-dominated tundra. Contemporary studies can state shifts more diverse assemblage would even higher potential do so. conclude though many herbivores, megaherbivores, are extinct, there reintroduce arctic locations, doing so potentially reduce some unwanted This article part theme issue ‘Trophic rewilding: consequences for ecosystems under global change’.

Language: Английский

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Advancing biological invasion hypothesis testing using functional diversity indices

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 834, P. 155102 - 155102

Published: April 8, 2022

Pioneering investigations on the effects of introduced populations community structure, ecosystem functioning and services have focused invaders taxonomic diversity. However, taxonomic-based diversity metrics overlook heterogeneity species roles within among communities. As homogenizing biological invasions processes can be subtle, they may require use functional indices to properly evidenced. Starting from listing major indices, alongside presentation their strengths limitations, we focus studies pertaining invasive native communities recipient ecosystems using indices. By doing so, reveal that strongly vary at onset invasion process, while it stabilizes intermediate high levels invasion. changes occurring during lag phase an been poorly investigated, show is still unknown whether there are consistent in could indicate end phase. Thus, recommend providing information stage under consideration when computing metrics. For existing literature, also surprising very few explored difference between organisms same trophic levels, or assessed non-native organism establishment into a non-analogue versus analogue community. valuable tools for obtaining in-depth diagnostics structure functioning, applied timely implementation restoration plans improved conservation strategies. To conclude, our work provides first synthetic guide hypothesis testing biology.

Language: Английский

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Invasive hematophagous arthropods and associated diseases in a changing world

Parasites & Vectors, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 16(1)

Published: Aug. 17, 2023

Biological invasions have increased significantly with the tremendous growth of international trade and transport. Hematophagous arthropods can be vectors infectious potentially lethal pathogens parasites, thus constituting a growing threat to humans-especially when associated biological invasions. Today, several major vector-borne diseases, currently described as emerging or re-emerging, are expanding in world dominated by climate change, land-use change intensive transportation humans goods. In this review, we retrace historical trajectory these better understand their ecological, physiological genetic drivers impacts on ecosystems human health. We also discuss arthropod management strategies mitigate future risks harnessing ecology, public health, economics social-ethnological considerations. Trade transport goods materials, including vertebrate introductions worn tires, historically been important introduction pathways for most prominent invasive hematophagous arthropods, but sources likely diversify globalization. Burgeoning urbanization, urban heat island effect interact favor diseases they vector. To novel disease outbreaks, stronger preventative monitoring transboundary surveillance measures urgently required. Proactive approaches, such use engagement citizen science, would reduce epidemiological ecological could save millions lives billions dollars spent control management. Last, our capacities manage sustainable way worldwide improved promoting interactions among experts health sector, stakeholders environmental issues policymakers (e.g. One Health approach) while considering wider social perceptions.

Language: Английский

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Bringing traits back into the equation: A roadmap to understand species redistribution

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 30(4)

Published: April 1, 2024

Abstract Ecological and evolutionary theories have proposed that species traits should be important in mediating responses to contemporary climate change; yet, empirical evidence has so far provided mixed for the role of behavioral, life history, or ecological characteristics facilitating hindering range shifts. As such, utility trait‐based approaches predict redistribution under change been called into question. We develop perspective, supported by evidence, trait variation, if used carefully can high potential utility, but past analyses many cases failed identify an explanatory value not fully embracing complexity First, we discuss relevant theory linking shift processes at leading (expansion) trailing (contraction) edges distributions highlight need clarify mechanistic basis approaches. Second, provide a brief overview shift–trait studies new opportunities integration consider range‐specific intraspecific variability. Third, explore circumstances which environmental biotic context dependencies are likely affect our ability contribution processes. Finally, propose revealing shaping may require accounting methodological variation arising from estimation process as well addressing existing functional, geographical, phylogenetic biases. series considerations more effectively integrating extrinsic factors research. Together, these analytical promise stronger predictive understanding help society mitigate adapt effects on biodiversity.

Language: Английский

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High Temperature, Oxygen, and Performance: Insights from Reptiles and Amphibians

Integrative and Comparative Biology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 58(1), P. 9 - 24

Published: April 10, 2018

Much recent theoretical and empirical work has sought to describe the physiological mechanisms underlying thermal tolerance in animals. Leading hypotheses can be broadly divided into two categories that primarily differ organizational scale: 1) high temperature directly reduces function of subcellular machinery, such as enzymes cell membranes, or 2) disrupts system-level interactions, mismatches supply demand oxygen, prior having any direct negative effect on machinery. Nonetheless, a general framework describing contexts under which either component organ system failure limits organisms at temperatures remains elusive. With this commentary, we leverage decades research physiology ectothermic tetrapods (amphibians non-avian reptiles) address these hypotheses. Available data suggest both are important. Thus, expand previous propose Hierarchical Mechanisms Thermal Limitation (HMTL) hypothesis, explains how failures interact limit performance set temperatures. We further integrate with curve paradigm commonly used predict effects environments fitness. The HMTL appears successfully explain diverse observations reptiles amphibians makes numerous predictions remain untested. hope spurs taxa facilitates mechanistic forecasts biological responses climate change.

Language: Английский

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Climate and Spring Phenology Effects on Autumn Phenology in the Greater Khingan Mountains, Northeastern China

Remote Sensing, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 10(3), P. 449 - 449

Published: March 13, 2018

Vegetation phenology plays a key role in terrestrial ecosystem nutrient and carbon cycles is sensitive to global climate change. Compared with spring phenology, which has been well studied, autumn still poorly understood. In this study, we estimated the date of end growing season (EOS) across Greater Khingan Mountains, China, from 1982 2015 based on Global Inventory Modeling Mapping Studies (GIMMS) normalized difference vegetation index third-generation (NDVI3g) dataset. The temporal correlations between EOS climatic factors (e.g., preseason temperature, precipitation), as correlation were investigated using partial analysis. Results showed that more than 94% pixels Mountains exhibited delayed trend, an average rate 0.23 days/y. Increased temperature resulted earlier most our study area, except for semi-arid grassland region south, where warming generally EOS. Similarly, mountain deciduous coniferous forest, forest grassland, regions was associated increased precipitation, but region, precipitation during mainly led However, effect stronger temperature. addition effects EOS, also found influence An SOS while southern northern often followed by These findings suggest both should be incorporated into models order improve prediction accuracy under present future change scenarios.

Language: Английский

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Climate change will drive novel cross-species viral transmission

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 25, 2020

Abstract At least 10,000 species of mammal virus are estimated to have the potential spread in human populations, but vast majority currently circulating wildlife, largely undescribed and undetected by disease outbreak surveillance 1–3 . In addition, changing climate land use already driving geographic range shifts producing novel assemblages opportunities for viral sharing between previously isolated 4, 5 some cases, this will inevitably facilitate spillover into humans 6, 7 —a possible mechanistic link global environmental change emerging zoonotic 8 Here, we map hotspots sharing, using a phylogeographic model mammal-virus network, projections 3,139 under scenarios year 2070. Range-shifting predicted aggregate at high elevations, biodiversity hotspots, areas population density Asia Africa, cross-species transmission their viruses an 4,000 times. Counter expectations, holding warming 2°C within century does not reduce new due greater expansions— highlighting need invest even low-warming future. Most projected is driven diverse hyperreservoirs (rodents bats) large-bodied predators (carnivores). Because unique dispersal capacity, bats account likely share along evolutionary pathways that could future emergence humans. Our findings highlight urgent pair discovery efforts with surveys tracking species’ shifts, especially tropical countries harbor most zoonoses.

Language: Английский

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Microclimate variability in alpine ecosystems as stepping stones for non‐native plant establishment above their current elevational limit

Ecography, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 41(6), P. 900 - 909

Published: July 10, 2017

Alpine environments are currently relatively free from non‐native plant species, although their presence and abundance have recently been on the rise. It is however still unclear whether observed low invasion levels in these areas due to an inherent resistance of alpine zone invasions or exponential increase just a matter time. Using seed‐addition experiment north‐ south‐facing slopes (cf. microclimatic gradient) two mountains subarctic Sweden, we tested establishment six species at elevation above current distribution limits under experimentally enhanced anthropogenic pressures (disturbance, added nutrients increased propagule pressure). We found large variability cumulative growing degree days (GDD) (range = 500.77°C, SD 120.70°C) both physiographic (e.g. aspect) biophysical vegetation cover) features, latter being altered by experimental disturbance. Non‐native biomass production were positively correlated with GDD along studied gradient. However, even though north‐facing caught up that throughout season, was limited shorter season. On top this effect, all imposed factors success. The effect indicates potential for use warm microsites as stepping stones towards cold end Combined result suggests increasing risk ecosystems, such ecosystems likely be more common future will combine warming climate persistent pressures.

Language: Английский

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