Heavy cannabis use, dependence and the brain: a clinical perspective

Addiction, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 115(3), P. 559 - 572

Published: Aug. 13, 2019

To summarize and evaluate our knowledge of the relationship between heavy cannabis use, use disorder (CUD) brain.Narrative review relevant literature identified through existing systematic reviews, meta-analyses a PubMed search. Epidemiology, clinical representations, potential causal mechanisms, assessments, treatment prognosis are discussed.Although causality is unclear, dependent consistently associated with high prevalence comorbid psychiatric disorders learning memory impairments that seem to recover after period abstinence. Evidence regarding other cognitive domains neurological consequences, including cerebrovascular events, limited inconsistent. Abstinence only achieved in minority cases; targeted at reduction appears have some success. Potential moderators impact CUD on brain include age onset, heaviness severity, ratio ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol cannabidiol severity disorders.Current evidence long-term effects daily brain-related outcomes suggestive rather than conclusive, but morbidity

Language: Английский

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Age-related differences in the impact of cannabis use on the brain and cognition: a systematic review

European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 269(1), P. 37 - 58

Published: Jan. 24, 2019

The impact of cannabis on the adolescent compared to adult brain is interest researchers and society alike. From a theoretical perspective, adolescence represents period both risk resilience harms use disorders. aim this systematic review provide critical examination moderating role age relationship between cognition. To end, we reviewed human animal studies that formally tested whether age, or adult, changes exposure cognitive outcomes. While results do not offer conclusive answer novel question, along with inclusion work, has allowed for formation new hypotheses be addressed in future work. First, general executive functioning seems more impaired frequent users users. Second, age-effects may most prominent among very heavy dependent Third, craving inhibitory control decrease as much post-intoxication adolescents adults. Lastly, adolescents' vulnerability reduced learning following persist after sustained abstinence. If these prove correct, it could lead important developments policy prevention efforts.

Language: Английский

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Are IQ and educational outcomes in teenagers related to their cannabis use? A prospective cohort study

Journal of Psychopharmacology, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 30(2), P. 159 - 168

Published: Jan. 6, 2016

There is much debate about the impact of adolescent cannabis use on intellectual and educational outcomes. We investigated associations between IQ attainment in a sample 2235 teenagers from Avon Longitudinal Study Parents Children. By age 15, 24% reported having tried at least once. A series nested linear regressions was employed, adjusted hierarchically by pre-exposure ability potential confounds (e.g. cigarette alcohol use, childhood mental-health symptoms behavioural problems), to test relationships cumulative 15 performance 16. After full adjustment, those who had used ⩾50 times did not differ never-users either or performance. Adjusting for group differences smoking dramatically attenuated both outcomes, further analyses demonstrated robust even with users excluded. These findings suggest that associated once adjustment made confounds, particular use. Modest may have less cognitive than epidemiological surveys older cohorts previously suggested.

Language: Английский

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Are adolescents more vulnerable to the harmful effects of cannabis than adults? A placebo-controlled study in human males

Translational Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 6(11), P. e961 - e961

Published: Nov. 29, 2016

Abstract Preclinical research demonstrates that cannabinoids have differing effects in adolescent and adult animals. Whether these findings translate to humans has not yet been investigated. Here we believe conducted the first study compare acute of cannabis human ( n= 20; 16–17 years old) 24–28 male users, a placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over design. After inhaling vaporized active or placebo cannabis, participants completed tasks assessing spatial working memory, episodic memory response inhibition, alongside measures blood pressure heart rate, psychotomimetic symptoms subjective drug (for example, ‘stoned’, ‘want cannabis’). Results showed on adolescents felt less stoned reported fewer than adults. Further, adults but were more anxious alert during session (both pre- post-drug administration). Following cognitive impairment (reaction time prose recall following delay) was greater adolescents. By contrast, impaired inhibition accuracy Moreover, administration, did show satiety; instead they wanted regardless whether had taken while opposite seen for These contrasting profiles resilience (blunted subjective, physiological effects) vulnerability (lack satiety, inhibitory processes) some degree translation from preclinical findings, may contribute escalated use by

Language: Английский

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Acute memory and psychotomimetic effects of cannabis and tobacco both ‘joint’ and individually: a placebo-controlled trial

Psychological Medicine, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 47(15), P. 2708 - 2719

Published: May 30, 2017

Cannabis and tobacco have contrasting cognitive effects. Smoking cannabis with is prevalent in many countries although this may well influence mental health outcomes, the possibility has rarely been investigated human experimental psychopharmacological research.The individual interactive effects of were evaluated 24 non-dependent smokers a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, 2 (cannabis, placebo) × (tobacco, crossover design. Verbal memory (prose recall), working (WM) performance including maintenance, manipulation attention (N-back), psychotomimetic, subjective cardiovascular measures recorded on each four sessions.Cannabis alone impaired verbal memory. A priori contrasts indicated that offset delayed recall. However, was not supported by linear mixed model analysis. load-dependently WM. By contrast, improved WM across all load levels. The acute psychotomimetic ratings 'stoned' 'dizzy' induced altered tobacco. had independent increasing heart rate interacting diastolic blood pressure.Relative to placebo, Tobacco enhanced WM, independently cannabis. Moreover, we found some preliminary evidence delayed, but immediate, In unaffected co-administration. reducing impairment from cannabis, co-administration perpetuate use despite adverse consequences.

Language: Английский

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