Selected Biomarkers of Depression: What Are the Effects of Cytokines and Inflammation?

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 24(1), P. 578 - 578

Published: Dec. 29, 2022

Depression is one of the leading mental illnesses worldwide and lowers quality life many. According to WHO, about 5% population suffers from depression. Newer studies report a staggering global prevalence 27.6%, it rising. Professionally, depression belonging affective disorders psychiatric illness, category major depressive disorder (MDD) comprises various diagnoses related persistent disruptive mood disorders. Due this fact, imperative find way assess quantitatively using specific biomarker or panel biomarkers that would be able reflect patients' state effects therapy. Cytokines, hormones, oxidative stress markers, neuropeptides are studied in association with The latest research into inflammatory cytokines shows their relationship etiology causative. There stronger cytokine reactions pathogens stressors If combined other predisposing factors, responses lead prolonged processes, dysregulation axes, stress, pain, changes, anxiety, This review focuses on most recent data as markers concerning roles its pathogenesis, possible use diagnosis management, different levels bodily fluids, similarities animal studies. However, not isolated pathophysiologic mechanisms Their only part whole pathway.

Language: Английский

---

Understanding the mechanism of action and clinical effects of neuroactive steroids and GABAergic compounds in major depressive disorder

Translational Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: June 26, 2023

The pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) is thought to result from impaired connectivity between key brain networks. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) the inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain, working primarily via GABA

Language: Английский

---

BDNF Unveiled: Exploring Its Role in Major Depression Disorder Serotonergic Imbalance and Associated Stress Conditions

Pharmaceutics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(8), P. 2081 - 2081

Published: Aug. 3, 2023

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin that plays significant role in the survival and development of neurons, being involved several diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease major depression disorder. The association between BDNF depressive disorder subject extensive research. Indeed, numerous studies indicate decreased levels are linked to an increased occurrence symptoms, neuronal loss, cortical atrophy. Moreover, it has been observed antidepressive therapy can help restore levels. In this review, we will focus on serotonergic imbalance associated stress conditions, particularly hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation oxidative stress. All these features highly connected signaling pathways context disease, exploring topic aim advance our understanding disorder, improve diagnostic treatment approaches, potentially identify new therapeutic targets alleviate heavy burden society.

Language: Английский

---

Impacts of microbiota and its metabolites through gut-brain axis on pathophysiology of major depressive disorder

Life Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 351, P. 122815 - 122815

Published: June 11, 2024

Language: Английский

---

The molecular pathophysiology of depression and the new therapeutics

MedComm, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 3(3)

Published: July 21, 2022

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent and disabling disorder. Despite the many hypotheses proposed to understand molecular pathophysiology of depression, it still unclear. Current treatments for depression are inadequate individuals, because limited effectiveness, delayed efficacy (usually two weeks), side effects. Consequently, novel drugs with increased speed action effectiveness required. Ketamine has shown have rapid, reliable, long-lasting antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant MDD patients represent breakthrough therapy MDD; however, concerns regarding its efficacy, potential misuse, remain. In this review, we aimed summarize mechanisms pharmacological depression. We focused on fast treatment clarified safety, tolerability, ketamine metabolites treatment, along review mechanisms, research challenges, future clinical prospects.

Language: Английский

---

Targeting neuroinflammation by polyphenols: A promising therapeutic approach against inflammation-associated depression

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 147, P. 112668 - 112668

Published: Jan. 29, 2022

Depression is the most prevalent and debilitating mental disorder that affects a substantial number of people globally, hindering all aspects their lives leading to high suicides each year. Despite availability an array antidepressant medications, taking these medications does not relieve depressive symptoms in considerable patients, implying incomplete understanding pathomechanisms involved development depression. Besides that, subset those non-responsive patients exhibits increased systemic central inflammatory response, which has collectively led evolvement theory Indeed, peripherally generated mediators, as well insults within brain, can activate brain's resident immune cells, resulting neuroinflammatory response interferes with multitude neurobiological domains implicated pathogenesis Polyphenols, group plant-derived bioactive molecules, have been shown exert neuroprotective functions on brain by influencing neuropathological mechanisms, including neuroinflammation. From perspectives, this review mechanistically provides overview roles sustained depression elucidates therapeutic potential flavonoid nonflavonoid polyphenols modulating mediators signaling cascades promoting other neurophysiological underlying inflammation-associated symptoms. Therefore, given significant anti-neuroinflammatory effects, could be promising effective adjunctive therapy for treatment neuropsychiatric associated inflammation-related

Language: Английский

---

Possible antidepressant mechanisms of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids acting on the central nervous system

Frontiers in Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Aug. 31, 2022

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can play important roles in maintaining mental health and resistance to stress, omega-3 PUFAs supplementation display beneficial effects on both the prevention treatment of depressive disorders. Although underlying mechanisms are still unclear, accumulated evidence indicates that exhibit pleiotropic neural structure function. Thus, they fundamental brain activities involved mood regulation. Since symptoms have been assumed be central origin, this review aims summarize recently published studies identify potential neurobiological anti-depressant PUFAs. These include (1) anti-neuroinflammatory; (2) hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; (3) anti-oxidative stress; (4) anti-neurodegeneration; (5) neuroplasticity synaptic plasticity; (6) modulation neurotransmitter systems. Despite many lines hinted these may co-exist work concert produce anti-depressive effects, potentially multiple sites action need fully established. We also discussed limitations current suggest future directions for preclinical translational research field.

Language: Английский

---

In vitro modeling of the human dopaminergic system using spatially arranged ventral midbrain–striatum–cortex assembloids

Nature Methods, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 20(12), P. 2034 - 2047

Published: Dec. 1, 2023

Abstract Ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons project to the striatum as well cortex and are involved in movement control reward-related cognition. In Parkinson’s disease, nigrostriatal degenerate cause typical disease motor-related impairments, while dysfunction of mesocorticolimbic is implicated addiction neuropsychiatric disorders. Study development selective neurodegeneration human system, however, has been limited due lack an appropriate model access material. Here, we have developed a vitro that recapitulates key aspects innervation cortex. These spatially arranged ventral midbrain–striatum–cortical organoids (MISCOs) can be used study neuron maturation, function with implications for cell therapy research. We detail protocols growing midbrain, striatal cortical describe how they fuse linear manner when placed custom embedding molds. report formation functional long-range connections tissues MISCOs, show injected, midbrain-patterned progenitors mature innervate tissue. Using these assembloids, examine circuit perturbations chronic cocaine treatment causes long-lasting morphological, transcriptional changes persist upon drug withdrawal. Thus, our method opens new avenues investigate transplantation circuitry reconstruction effect drugs on system.

Language: Английский

---

A Comprehensive Overview of the Role of Visual Cortex Malfunction in Depressive Disorders: Opportunities and Challenges

Neuroscience Bulletin, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 39(9), P. 1426 - 1438

Published: March 30, 2023

Language: Английский

---

Connecting Dots between Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Depression

Biomolecules, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(4), P. 695 - 695

Published: April 20, 2023

Mitochondria are the prime source of cellular energy, and also responsible for important processes such as oxidative stress, apoptosis Ca2+ homeostasis. Depression is a psychiatric disease characterized by alteration in metabolism, neurotransmission neuroplasticity. In this manuscript, we summarize recent evidence linking mitochondrial dysfunction to pathophysiology depression. Impaired expression mitochondria-related genes, damage membrane proteins lipids, disruption electron transport chain, higher neuroinflammation all observed preclinical models depression most these parameters can be altered brain patients with A deeper knowledge identification phenotypes biomarkers respect needed help early diagnosis development new treatment strategies devastating disorder.

Language: Английский

---