The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 99(4), P. 1877 - 2013

Published: Aug. 28, 2019

The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, past 15 yr have seen emergence microbiota (the trillions microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one key regulators function led to appreciation a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This is gaining ever more traction fields investigating biological physiological basis psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, neurodegenerative disorders. brain communicate with each other via various routes including immune system, tryptophan metabolism, vagus nerve enteric nervous involving microbial metabolites such short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence composition early life, infection, mode birth delivery, use antibiotic medications, nature nutritional provision, environmental stressors, host genetics. At extreme diversity diminishes aging. Stress, particular, significantly impact at all stages life. Much recent work implicated gut many conditions autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models paramount linking regulation fundamental neural processes, neurogenesis myelination, microbiome activation microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing will greatly enhance field. Future focus understanding mechanisms underlying attempt elucidate microbial-based intervention therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric

Language: Английский

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Developmental Trajectories of Early Life Stress and Trauma: A Narrative Review on Neurobiological Aspects Beyond Stress System Dysregulation

Frontiers in Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: March 11, 2019

Early life stressors display a high universal prevalence and constitute major public health problem. Prolonged psychoneurobiological alterations as sequelae of early stress (ELS) could represent developmental risk factor mediate for disease, leading to higher physical mental morbidity rates in later life. ELS exert programming effect on sensitive neuronal brain networks related the response during critical periods development thus lead enduring hyper- or hypo-activation system altered glucocorticoid signaling. In addition, emotional autonomic reactivity, circadian rhythm disruption, functional structural changes brain, well immune metabolic dysregulation have been lately identified important factors chronically impaired homeostatic balance after ELS. Furthermore, human genetic background epigenetic modifications through stress-related gene expression interact with these explain inter-individual variation vulnerability resilience stress. This narrative review presents relevant evidence from mainly research ten most acknowledged neurobiological allostatic pathways exerting adverse effects even decades (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, nervous system, inflammation, oxidative stress, cardiovascular gut microbiome, sleep genetics, epigenetics, structural, correlates). Although findings back causal relation between psychobiological maladjustment life, precise trajectories their temporal coincidence has not elucidated yet. Future studies should prospectively investigate putative mediators sequence, while considering potentially delayed time-frame phenotypical expression. Better screening strategies are needed better individual prevention treatment.

Language: Английский

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Prebiotics and Probiotics in Digestive Health

Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 17(2), P. 333 - 344

Published: Sept. 27, 2018

Language: Английский

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Glutamatergic Signaling Along The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 20(6), P. 1482 - 1482

Published: March 25, 2019

A complex bidirectional communication system exists between the gastrointestinal tract and brain. Initially termed “gut-brain axis” it is now renamed “microbiota-gut-brain considering pivotal role of gut microbiota in maintaining local systemic homeostasis. Different cellular molecular pathways act along this axis strong attention paid to neuroactive molecules (neurotransmitters, i.e., noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, gamma aminobutyric acid glutamate metabolites, tryptophan metabolites), sustaining a possible interkingdom eukaryota prokaryota. This review provides description most up-to-date evidence on as neurotransmitter/neuromodulator axis. Modulation glutamatergic receptor activity microbiota-gut-brain may influence (i.e., taste, visceral sensitivity motility) brain functions (stress response, mood behavior) alterations transmission participate pathogenesis disorders. In latter context, we will focus two major disorders, such irritable bowel syndrome inflammatory disease, both characterized by psychiatric co-morbidity. Research area opens possibility target neurotransmission, either pharmacologically or use probiotics producing molecules, therapeutic approach for treatment related

Language: Английский

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Chronic Stress Promotes Cancer Development

Frontiers in Oncology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: Aug. 19, 2020

Background: In real life, people will inevitably encounter stress from various sources. Chronic on account of reasons like adversity, depression, anxiety, or loneliness/social isolation, can endanger human health. Recent studies have shown that chronic induce tumorigenesis and promote cancer development. This review describes the latest progress research molecular mechanisms by which promotes Findings: Primarily, activates classic neuroendocrine system (the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis) sympathetic nervous (SNS), is further exacerbated decline dysfunction prefrontal cortex hippocampus under stress. Stress hormones produced during activation both HPA axis SNS development through a variety mechanisms. also cause corresponding changes in body's immune function inflammatory response, significant because long-term response surveillance capabilities are implicated tumorigenesis. Conclusions: management great importance to healthy patients. Whether drugs limit signaling pathways downstream inhibit progression, prolonging patient survival, suppress stress-induced cancers, deserves study.

Language: Английский

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Gut-brain Axis and migraine headache: a comprehensive review

The Journal of Headache and Pain, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 21(1)

Published: Feb. 13, 2020

Abstract The terminology “gut-brain axis “points out a bidirectional relationship between the GI system and central nervous (CNS). To date, several researches have shown that migraine is associated with some gastrointestinal (GI) disorders such as Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), celiac disease (CD). present review article aims to discuss direct indirect evidence suggesting relationships gut-brain axis. However, mechanisms explaining how gut brain may interact in patients are not entirely clear. Studies suggest this interaction seems be influenced by multiple factors inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α), microbiota profile, neuropeptides serotonin pathway, stress hormones nutritional substances. Neuropeptides including CGRP, SP, VIP, NPY thought antimicrobial impact on variety of bacterial strains thus speculated involved brain. According current knowledge, headache harboring HP might improved following bacteria eradication. Migraineurs long history high frequency higher chance being diagnosed IBS. IBS share similarities can alter microflora composition thereby affect status. Migraine has been also CD condition should searched particularly occipital parieto-occipital calcification at neuroimaging. In those patients, gluten-free diet effective reducing frequency. It proposed dietary approaches beneficial effects appropriate consumption fiber per day, adhering low glycemic index diet, supplementation vitamin D, omega-3 probiotics well weight loss plans for overweight obese patients.

Language: Английский

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The HPA axis dysregulation in severe mental illness: Can we shift the blame to gut microbiota?

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 102, P. 109951 - 109951

Published: April 24, 2020

Accumulating evidence indicates that patients with severe mental disorders, including major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia present various alterations of the gut microbiota increased intestinal permeability. In addition, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation subclinical inflammation have been reported in this group patients. Although it has found HPA appears as a consequence psychosocial stress, especially traumatic life events, exact mechanisms observation remain unclear. Animal model studies unraveled several linking dysfunction. Indeed, can activate through mediators cross blood-brain barrier include microbial antigens, cytokines prostaglandins. There is also species affect ileal corticosterone production may impact activity axis. However, some metabolites released by microbes, e.g., short-chain fatty acids, attenuate response. Moreover, bacteria release neurotransmitters directly interact vagal afferents. It postulated activation article, we discuss summarize current for cross-talk between gut-brain from mood psychotic disorders. Finally, show potential clinical implications arise future investigating respect to

Language: Английский

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HPA Axis in the Pathomechanism of Depression and Schizophrenia: New Therapeutic Strategies Based on Its Participation

Brain Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11(10), P. 1298 - 1298

Published: Sept. 30, 2021

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is involved in the pathophysiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. Increased HPA activity can be observed during chronic stress, which plays a key role depression. Overactivity occurs major depressive disorder (MDD), leading to cognitive dysfunction and reduced mood. There also correlation between activation gut microbiota, has significant impact on development MDD. It believed that microbiota influence function through cytokines, prostaglandins, or bacterial antigens various microbial species. schizophrenia varies depends mainly severity disease. This review summarizes involvement pathogenesis disorders, focusing depression schizophrenia, highlights possible these conditions. Although effective antidepressants are available, large proportion patients do not respond initial treatment. discusses new therapeutic strategies affect axis, such as glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonists, vasopressin V1B antagonists non-psychoactive CB1 agonists and/or schizophrenia.

Language: Английский

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The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis and Alzheimer’s Disease: Neuroinflammation Is to Blame?

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 13(1), P. 37 - 37

Published: Dec. 24, 2020

For years, it has been reported that Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Various external and internal factors may contribute to early onset AD. This review highlights a contribution disturbances in microbiota–gut–brain (MGB) axis development Alteration gut microbiota composition determined by increase permeability barrier immune cell activation, leading impairment blood–brain function promotes neuroinflammation, neuronal loss, neural injury, ultimately Numerous studies have shown plays crucial role brain changes behavior individuals formation bacterial amyloids. Lipopolysaccharides amyloids synthesized can trigger cells residing activate response neuroinflammation. Growing experimental clinical data indicate prominent dysbiosis microbiota–host interactions Modulation with antibiotics or probiotic supplementation create new preventive therapeutic options Accumulating evidences affirm research on MGB involvement AD necessary for treatment targets therapies

Language: Английский

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Natural exosome-like nanovesicles from edible tea flowers suppress metastatic breast cancer via ROS generation and microbiota modulation

Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12(2), P. 907 - 923

Published: Aug. 18, 2021

Although several artificial nanotherapeutics have been approved for practical treatment of metastatic breast cancer, their inefficient therapeutic outcomes, serious adverse effects, and high cost mass production remain crucial challenges. Herein, we developed an alternative strategy to specifically trigger apoptosis tumors inhibit lung metastasis by using natural nanovehicles from tea flowers (TFENs). These had desirable particle sizes (131 nm), exosome-like morphology, negative zeta potentials. Furthermore, TFENs were found contain large amounts polyphenols, flavonoids, functional proteins, lipids. Cell experiments revealed that showed strong cytotoxicities against cancer cells due the stimulation reactive oxygen species (ROS) amplification. The increased intracellular ROS could not only mitochondrial damage, but also arrest cell cycle, resulting in vitro anti-proliferation, anti-migration, anti-invasion activities cells. Further mice investigations demonstrated after intravenous (i.v.) injection or oral administration accumulate sites, growth modulate gut microbiota. This study brings new insights green nanoplatform inhibition its via i.v. routes.

Language: Английский

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