Circadian rhythms: influence on physiology, pharmacology, and therapeutic interventions

Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 48(3), P. 321 - 338

Published: April 1, 2021

Language: Английский

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Targeting Human Glucocorticoid Receptors in Fear Learning: A Multiscale Integrated Approach to Study Functional Connectivity

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(2), P. 864 - 864

Published: Jan. 10, 2024

Fear extinction is a phenomenon that involves gradual reduction in conditioned fear responses through repeated exposure to fear-inducing cues. Functional brain connectivity assessments, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), provide valuable insights into how regions communicate during these processes. Stress, ubiquitous aspect of life, influences learning and by changing the activity amygdala, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, leading enhanced and/or impaired extinction. Glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) are key stress response show dual function regulation: while they enhance consolidation memories, also facilitate Accordingly, GR dysregulation associated with anxiety mood disorders. Recent advancements cognitive neuroscience underscore need for comprehensive understanding integrates perspectives from molecular, cellular, systems levels. In particular, neuropharmacology provides neurotransmitter receptor systems, aiding investigation mechanisms underlying regulation potential therapeutic targets. A notable player this context cortisol, hormone, which significantly both memory reconsolidation Gaining thorough intricate interactions has implications terms addressing psychiatric disorders related stress. This review sheds light on complex between processes, emotions, their neural bases. endeavor, our aim reshape comprehension fear, stress, emotional well-being, ultimately development interventions.

Language: Английский

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Neuroscience of cancer: unraveling the complex interplay between the nervous system, the tumor and the tumor immune microenvironment

Molecular Cancer, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 24(1)

Published: Jan. 17, 2025

The study of the multifaceted interactions between neuroscience and cancer is an emerging field with significant implications for understanding tumor biology innovation in therapeutic approaches. Increasing evidence suggests that neurological functions are connected tumorigenesis. In particular, peripheral central nervous systems, synapse, neurotransmitters, neurotrophins affect progression metastasis through various regulatory approaches immune microenvironment. this review, we summarized tumorigenesis metastasis, which controlled by systems. We also explored roles neurotransmitters progression. Moreover, examined interplay system have identified drugs target treatment. review present work supporting agent targeting could potential to improve therapy.

Language: Английский

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Glucocorticoid induced adrenal insufficiency

BMJ, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. n1380 - n1380

Published: July 12, 2021

ABSTRACT Synthetic glucocorticoids are widely used for their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions. A possible unwanted effect of glucocorticoid treatment is suppression the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which can lead to adrenal insufficiency. Factors affecting risk induced insufficiency (GI-AI) include duration therapy, mode administration, dose potency, concomitant drugs that interfere with metabolism, individual susceptibility. Patients exogenous use may develop features Cushing’s syndrome and, subsequently, withdrawal when tapered down. Symptoms overlap those underlying disorder, as well GI-AI. careful approach taper appropriate patient counseling needed assure a successful taper. Glucocorticoid therapy should not be completely stopped until recovery function achieved. In this review, we discuss factors GI-AI, propose regimen taper, make suggestions assessment recovery. We also describe current gaps in management patients GI-AI an syndrome, chronic education on providers.

Language: Английский

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Circadian clocks in the digestive system

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 18(4), P. 239 - 251

Published: Feb. 2, 2021

Language: Английский

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Blood–Brain Barrier Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Major Depressive Disorder

Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 42(8), P. 2571 - 2591

Published: Oct. 12, 2021

Language: Английский

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Glucocorticoids, their uses, sexual dimorphisms, and diseases: new concepts, mechanisms, and discoveries

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 104(1), P. 473 - 532

Published: Sept. 21, 2023

The normal stress response in humans is governed by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis through heightened mechanisms during stress, raising blood levels of glucocorticoid hormone cortisol. Glucocorticoids are quintessential compounds that balance proper functioning numerous systems mammalian body. They also generated synthetically and preeminent therapy for inflammatory diseases. act binding to nuclear receptor transcription factor (GR), which has two main isoforms (GRα GRβ). Our classical understanding signaling from GRα isoform, binds hormone, whereas GRβ no known ligands. With glucocorticoids being involved many physiological cellular processes, even small disruptions their release via HPA axis, or changes GR isoform expression, can have dire ramifications on health. Long-term chronic lead a glucocorticoid-resistant state, we deliberate how this impacts disease treatment. Chronic treatment noticeable side effects such as weight gain, adiposity, diabetes, others discuss detail. There sexually dimorphic responses glucocorticoids, women tend more hyperresponsive than men. This review summarizes our critically analyzes beneficial deleterious sexual differences cause dichotomy responses. We future propose new concept dual agonist postulate why activating both may prevent resistance.

Language: Английский

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Chiral Selenium Nanotherapeutics Regulates Selenoproteins to Attenuate Glucocorticoid‐Induced Osteoporosis

Advanced Functional Materials, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 33(17)

Published: Feb. 13, 2023

Abstract Glucocorticoid (GC)‐induced osteoporosis (GIO) is a concurrent disease commonly appeared in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune patients. Stereoselective recognition between chiral drugs homochiral biological molecules could directly affect their distribution, adhesion transport. Herein, trace element selenium (Se) with bone formation‐regulating activity, employed to construct cysteine‐decorated nanoparticles (Cys@SeNPs) attenuate GIO. Interestingly, comparing the racemic (DL‐Cys@SeNPs) D‐Cys@SeNPs, L‐Cys@SeNPs displays higher uptake osteoblast cells lessen reactive oxygen species overproduction block dexamethasone (Dex)‐induced osteoblasts apoptosis. Intracellular be predominantly transformed selenocystine upregulate expression levels of antioxidative selenoproteins effectively scavenge Dex‐induced excessive ROS accumulation osteoblasts, thus reduce undesirable apoptosis through activating Wnt/β‐catenin pathway. Consistently, significantly alleviates main symptoms trabeculae destruction decreased density vivo, also reduces weight gain fatty liver formation Dex‐exposed mice, suppressing overall side effects Dex. This study not only demonstrates an effective strategy for treatment GIO by using Se nanomedicine, but elucidates important roles alleviating osteoporosis, which help future Se‐based drug design chirality control engineering.

Language: Английский

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Different Treatment Modalities of Oral Lichen Planus—A Narrative Review

Dentistry Journal, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(1), P. 26 - 26

Published: Jan. 12, 2023

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology which affects the oral mucosa. OLP varies in its clinical features from reticular form that is, most cases, asymptomatic, to atrophic–erosive, and accompanied by symptoms burning sensation pain followed difficulty eating. Given fact etiology, treatment symptomatic involves suppressing signs using various topical systemic drugs. The first line therapy for treating corticosteroids, whereas corticosteroids are used persistent lesions do not respond local treatment. However, lack convincing evidence on efficacy previous therapies, including numerous side effects have appeared over recent years has resulted emergence development new therapeutic options. Some therapies mentioned tacrolimus, efalizumab, dapson, interferon, retinoic acid, photochemotherapy with psoralen ultraviolet A rays (PUVA), aloe vera, antimalarials, antibiotics others. These only partially meet properties safety use, thus justifying continuous search testing methods.

Language: Английский

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Melatonin, Melatonin Receptors and Sleep: Moving Beyond Traditional Views

Journal of Pineal Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 76(7)

Published: Oct. 1, 2024

ABSTRACT Sleep, constituting approximately one‐third of the human lifespan, is a crucial physiological process essential for physical and mental well‐being. Normal sleep consists an orderly progression through wakefulness, non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, rapid (REM) all which are tightly regulated. Melatonin, often referred to as “hormone sleep,” plays pivotal role regulator sleep/wake cycle exerts its effects high‐affinity G‐protein coupled receptors known MT1 MT2. Selective modulation these presents promising therapeutic avenue disorders. This review examines research on multifaceted melatonin in regulation, focusing selective ligands targeting MT2 receptors, well studies involving knockout mice. Contrary common beliefs, growing evidence suggests that melatonin, might not only influence circadian aspects but likely, also modulate homeostatic architecture, or could be molecule linking regulation sleep. Furthermore, distinct brain localization with primarily regulating REM NREM discussed. Collectively, extends beyond circulating levels peak melatonin; it critically involves expression, molecular activation, regulatory functions across various regions nuclei involved underscores importance ongoing investigation into roles Such efforts expected pave way development targeted ligands, thereby optimizing interventions

Language: Английский

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