Managing Climate Change Refugia for Climate Adaptation

PLoS ONE, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 11(8), P. e0159909 - e0159909

Published: Aug. 10, 2016

Refugia have long been studied from paleontological and biogeographical perspectives to understand how populations persisted during past periods of unfavorable climate. Recently, researchers applied the idea contemporary landscapes identify climate change refugia, here defined as areas relatively buffered over time that enable persistence valued physical, ecological, socio-cultural resources. We differentiate historical views, characterize physical ecological processes create maintain refugia. then delineate refugia can fit into existing decision support frameworks for adaptation describe seven steps managing them. Finally, we challenges opportunities operationalizing concept Managing be an important option conservation in face ongoing change.

Language: Английский

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The 'Great Southern Reef': social, ecological and economic value of Australia's neglected kelp forests

Marine and Freshwater Research, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 67(1), P. 47 - 47

Published: Aug. 27, 2015

Kelp forests define >8000km of temperate coastline across southern Australia, where ~70% Australians live, work and recreate. Despite this, public political awareness the scale significance this marine ecosystem is low, research investment miniscule (<10%), relative to comparable ecosystems. The absence an identity for Australia’s reefs as entity has probably contributed current lack appreciation system, which at odds with its profound ecological, social economic importance. We ‘Great Southern Reef’ (GSR) spatially connected reef system. GSR covers ~71000km2 represents a global biodiversity hotspot least nine phyla. GSR-related fishing tourism generates AU$10 billion year–1, in context significant natural asset Australia globally. Maintaining health ecological functioning critical continued sustainability human livelihoods wellbeing derived from it. By recognising we seek boost awareness, take steps towards negotiating difficult challenges faces future unprecedented coastal population growth change.

Language: Английский

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The current application of ecological connectivity in the design of marine protected areas

Global Ecology and Conservation, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 17, P. e00569 - e00569

Published: Jan. 1, 2019

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are an area-based conservation strategy commonly used to safeguard marine biodiversity and ecosystem services. Ecological connectivity governs the exchange of individuals among spatially fragmented habitats is often highlighted as important element in design MPAs. However, degree which measured or modelled representations applied management decisions worldwide remains unclear. We reviewed scientific literature explore application MPAs located six countries regions with advanced spatial planning. Only 11% 746 we examined considered ecological criterion, increasingly so since 2007. Landscape measures such habitat linkages were most frequently by managers genetic modelling approaches scientists. Of that connectivity, 71% for state reserves California commonwealth Australia. This pattern indicates substantial geographic bias. propose incorporation planning needs become more accessible practitioners provide four recommendations together will allow scientists bridge this gap: 1. determine whether prioritize 2. identify role MPA supporting 3. appropriate temporal scale 4. improve regional knowledge patterns. also a framework facilitate communication metrics patterns between apply best available information adaptive networks

Language: Английский

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Genetic diversity and kelp forest vulnerability to climatic stress

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: Jan. 24, 2018

Genetic diversity confers adaptive capacity to populations under changing conditions but its role in mediating impacts of climate change remains unresolved for most ecosystems. This lack knowledge is particularly acute foundation species, where may cascade throughout entire We combined population genetics with eco-physiological and ecological field experiments explore relationships among latitudinal patterns genetic diversity, physiology resilience a kelp ecosystem stress. A subsequent 'natural experiment' illustrated the possible influence on vulnerability an extreme climatic perturbation (marine heatwave). There were strong between physiological versatility, forests across latitudes, consistently outperformed other explanatory variables contributing response marine heatwave. Population performance severe event thus strongly related heatwave extirpating low diversity. Where species control structure function, stress can through and, consequently, could contribute change.

Language: Английский

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Integrating climate adaptation and biodiversity conservation in the global ocean

Science Advances, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 5(11)

Published: Nov. 1, 2019

The impacts of climate change and the socioecological challenges they present are ubiquitous increasingly severe. Practical efforts to operationalize climate-responsive design management in global network marine protected areas (MPAs) required ensure long-term effectiveness for safeguarding biodiversity ecosystem services. Here, we review progress integrating adaptation into MPA provide eight recommendations expedite this process. Climate-smart objectives should become default all areas, made an explicit international policy target. Furthermore, incentives use more dynamic tools would increase responsiveness as a whole. Given ongoing negotiations on conservation targets, now is ideal time proactively reform seascape climate-biodiversity reality.

Language: Английский

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Incorporating climate change adaptation into marine protected area planning

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 26(6), P. 3251 - 3267

Published: March 28, 2020

Climate change is increasingly impacting marine protected areas (MPAs) and MPA networks, yet adaptation strategies are rarely incorporated into design management plans according to the primary scientific literature. Here we review state of knowledge for adapting existing future MPAs climate synthesize case studies (n = 27) how conservation planning can respond shifting environmental conditions. First, derive a generalized framework based on five published frameworks that incorporate inform design. We then summarize examples from literature assess goals were defined, vulnerability assessments performed or new MPAs. Our analysis revealed 82% real-world in tropical reefs, highlighting need research other ecosystems habitat types. found contrasting recommendations at stage, either focusing only refugia, aiming representative protection encompassing full range expected impacts. Recommendations more unified focused adaptative approaches. Lastly, evaluate common barriers adopting reviewing which conducted interviews with managers practitioners. This highlights lack evaluating different shortcomings current governance structures as two major barriers, discuss these could be overcome. provides comprehensive synthesis frameworks, studies, actions coordinated global effort adapt networks continued change.

Language: Английский

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Demystifying ecological connectivity for actionable spatial conservation planning

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 37(12), P. 1079 - 1091

Published: Sept. 28, 2022

There is a disconnect between global high-level conservation goals and on-the-ground actions such as maintaining ecosystem services or persistence local planning of protected areas.Dynamic processes ecological connectivity underpin species resilience but are difficult to represent in mathematical spatial problems for areas.Quantitative SMART (specific – measurable action-oriented realistic time-bound) objectives can provide link regional design implementation functionally connected area networks.With current gaps commitments increasing climate change threats, there tremendous opportunity use quantifiable vehicle future-proof networks help achieve goals. Connectivity underpins the life; it needs inform biodiversity decisions. Yet, when prioritising areas developing actions, not being operationalised planning. The challenge translation flows associated with into that lead actions. nebulous, be abstract mean different things people, making include problems. Here, we show how included mathematically defining objectives. We path forward linking goals, species’ persistence. propose ways management gain benefit from connectivity. In world dwindling natural resources human pressures, aim ensure habitats persist future. Most notably, United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) SDG14 (life below water) SDG15 on land), Convention Biological Diversity’s (CBD) post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework halt loss services. A dominant mechanism these will through area-based [1.Pressey R.L. et al.The mismeasure conservation.Trends Ecol. Evol. 2021; 36: 808-821Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar, 2.Garibaldi L.A. al.Working landscapes need at least 20% native habitat.Conserv. Lett. 14e12773Crossref (109) 3.Nicholson E. al.Scientific foundations an goal, milestones indicators framework.Nat. 5: 1338-1349Crossref (42) Scholar], specific achieving protection ‘well-connected systems’. (see Glossary) populations, species, communities, ecosystems, thus play pivotal role strategies (e.g., [4.Wood S.L.R. al.Missing interactions: state multispecies analysis.Front. 2022; 10830822Crossref (7) 5.Magris R.A. al.Biologically representative well-connected marine reserves enhance planning.Conserv. 2018; 11e12439Crossref (71) 6.Riginos C. Beger M. Incorporating genetic measures adaptation corals.in: van Oppen Aranda Lastra M.I. Coral Reef Conservation Restoration ‘Omics’ Age. Springer, 2022Crossref Scholar]). conceptual advancements tools quantitatively integrate across land, freshwater, systems still developed [5.Magris Scholar,7.Tulloch V.J.D. al.Minimizing cross-realm threats land-use change: national-scale framework connecting freshwater systems.Biol. Conserv. 254108954Crossref (13) 8.Hermoso V. al.Conservation realms: enhancing multi-realm species.J. Appl. 58: 644-654Crossref (10) 9.Daigle R. al.Operationalizing Marxan Connect.Methods 2020; 11: 570-579Crossref (52) 10.Heino J. al.Integrating dispersal proxies environmental research realm.Environ. Rev. 2017; 25: 334-349Crossref (81) Scholar]), only implemented fraction existing [11.Balbar A.C. Metaxas A. application areas.Global 2019; 17e00569PubMed Scholar,12.Ward al.Just ten percent terrestrial network structurally via intact land.Nat. Commun. 4563Crossref (87) Scholar]. this opinion article, define flow energy, materials, organisms space. At level, includes adult propagule dispersal, movement migration, interactions, ontogenetic linkages. Flow dynamic, variable, often spatially unconstrained (Box 1), generating considerable formulating both suitable metrics useful traditional approaches [9.Daigle Scholar,13.Keeley A.T.H. al.Connectivity monitoring.Biol. 255109008Crossref (41) Scholar,14.Jafari N. al.Achieving full sites multiperiod reserve problem.Comput. Oper. Res. 81: 119-127Crossref (16) variable characteristics scale have led diverse characterisations conservation, ranging wetland linkages amphibians [15.Heard G.W. al.Refugia sustain amphibian metapopulations afflicted by disease.Ecol. 2015; 18: 853-863Crossref (65) Scholar] recent exchange among populations [16.Xuereb al.Individual-based eco-evolutionary models understanding changing seas.Proc. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 288: 20212006PubMed (Table 1). Assessments estate highlight shortfalls capturing dynamic processes, connectivity, where 9.7% land [12.Ward two thirds critical animals conserved [17.Brennan al.Functional world’s areas.Science. 376: 1101-1104Crossref (35) 17% free-flowing rivers [18.Opperman J.J. al.Safeguarding rivers: extent areas.Sustainability. 13: 2805Crossref 90.5% less than 5% their ranges [19.Klein C.J. al.Shortfalls representing biodiversity.Sci. Rep. 17539Crossref (112) This gap because broad translate quantitative objectives, data measure acquire, no scientific consensus appropriate assess retention improvement [13.Keeley especially multiple Scholar].Box 1Types scales hinder its estimationA key hurdle including spatial–temporal complexity. directionality, constraint, vary physical process, properties environment, flowing entity (Figure I). These occur any medium river, ocean, air) metres continents, hemispheres, ocean basins. Ensuing may manifested relevant over time hours centuries even longer (as case evolutionary scales). Many either symmetrical along animal migration corridors) asymmetrical ontogeny, seed larva dispersal). variability measurements each case.Directed involve single, direction II). constrained, relatively low lateral variation upstream downstream salmon transport leaf litter,movement corridors, annual bird migrations continents basins). Directed high. result moving entity, example spread invasive/range-expanding coast boundary current, turtle foraging spawning grounds, ungulate seasonal feeding grounds.In diffuse flows, proceeds number directions, originate single source during oil spill, nesting aggregation) sources introductions non-native species) III). They also constrained clear corridors pathways detrital valleys basins, within particular ambit, invasive disease bounded habitat) possible propagules dispersed wind current.Figure IIDirected has easier conceptualise.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Figure IIIDiffuse mixed strength extremely estimate.View (PPT)Table 1Connectivity value-laden concept. Selected contexts potential audiences applying concepts planningType connectivityDefinition/examplesReference definitionExample user groupLand–sea connectivityFlows sediment pollutants sea, rivers, sea[70.Suárez-Castro A.F. al.Global forest restoration opportunities foster coral reef conservation.Glob. Chang. 27: 5238-5252Crossref (12) Scholar]Ecologist, scientist, engineerOntogenetic connectivityMovement individuals occurring part life cycles (metres thousands km), e.g., amphibians[15.Heard Scholar,48.Kot C.Y. al.Network analysis sea movements connectivity: tool prioritization.Divers. Distrib. 28: 810-829Crossref (8) park managerCorridorsDistinct habitant patches linked facilitated. Disruption occurs due fragmentation[36.Keeley al.Thirty years planning: assessment factors influencing plan implementation.Environ. 14103001Crossref (55) Scholar]Environmental wildlife biologist, manager, tourism operatorPathogen dispersalAirborne fungal spores (regional continental scale, 50–5000 km)[46.Meyer al.Quantifying airborne routes pathogens safeguard wheat supply.Nat. Plants. 3: 780-786Crossref Scholar]EpidemiologistPollutant advection diffusionTransport sewage water)[54.Chaturvedi S.K. al.An spill detection using Sentinel 1 SAR-C images.J. Ocean Eng. 116-135Crossref (40) Scholar]Engineer, geophysicistDispersal connectivityThe juveniles distinct habitat patches. Scale highly dependent species[55.Hüssy K. al.Trace element patterns otoliths: biomineralization.Rev. Fish. Aquacult. 29: 445-477Crossref (79) Scholar,57.Lett al.Converging modeling air sea.Ecol. Model. 415108858Crossref (5) Scholar,58.Cecino G. Treml E.A. Local connections larval competency strongly influence metapopulation persistence.Ecol. 31e02302Crossref (6) Scholar,79.Harrison H.B. al.A portfolio effect stabilizes performance.Proc. Natl. Acad. U. S. 117: 25595Crossref (38) Scholar]Modeller, hydrodynamics engineer, oceanographer, ecologistMigrationThe scheduled individuals[47.Schuster al.Optimizing migratory cycle.Nat. 10: 1754Crossref (47) Scholar,83.Somveille general theory avian connectivity.Ecol. 24: 1848-1858Crossref Scholar]Wildlife ornithologist, operatorGenetic material nearby distant regions generations[16.Xuereb Scholar]Geneticist, ecologistTemporal connectivityLinkages shift time[51.Williams S.H. al.Incorporating optimal representation services.Conserv. 34: 934-942Crossref Scholar,84.Makino al.Spatio-temporal support high-latitude range expansion under change.Divers. 2014; 2014: 6-12Google Scholar]Climate ecologistEnergy flowTransport nutrients movement[39.Venarsky M.P. al.Spatial temporal fish community biomass energy throughout tropical river network.Freshw. 65: 1782-1792Crossref chemist Open table new tab case. grounds. (PPT) implementing explained fact concept broad, complex, means people times. many conceptualisations For example, manager Kenya most concerned enhances high-value, charismatic bring revenues experiences. By contrast, ecologist assisting Indo-Pacific value focus reefs aggregations [20.Beger priorities national policy.Nat. 6: 8208Crossref (99) climate-resilient [21.Beyer H. al.Risk-sensitive conserving rapid change.Conserv. 11e12587Crossref (122) As applied accounting perspectives stakeholders trade-offs, unified approach operationalise context One widely recognised, prioritised, historically forms which connect fragmented been impacted conversion Scholar,22.Hilty J.A. al.Corridor Ecology: Science Practice Conservation. Island Press, 2019Google Habitat fragmentation affects individuals, often, always [e.g., 23.Fahrig L. Ecological responses per se.Annu. Syst. 48: 1-23Crossref (598) reduces probabilities, mostly edge isolation effects [24.Fletcher R.J. al.Is good biodiversity?.Biol. 226: 9-15Crossref (326) interactions [25.Holyoak disturbance, seasonality, multi-year dynamics, dormancy Into dynamics metacommunities.Front. 8571130Crossref (18) However, corridor whilst important, addresses form structural serve few focal miss important unknown barriers [26.Merenlender A.M. al.Ecological species?.Theyra. 45-55Google ignore essential attributes needed retain functional matter energy. preserving [27.D'Aloia C.C. al.Coupled permanent change.Front. 7: 27Crossref (48) 28.Tittensor D.P. ocean.Sci. Adv. eaay9969Crossref (101) 29.Dunn D.C. importance policy.Proc. 286: 20191472PubMed plans lacking Scholar,18.Opperman Despite challenges, component CBD’s government policies targets. Spatial targets features prominently ongoing discussions. Our challenges facing ‘connectivity’ policy ambition become integrated deliver networks. recognise much progress made academic incorporating [8.Hermoso Scholar,30.Magris planning.Biol. 170: 207-221Crossref (138) 31.Andrello al.Additive supply fished areas.Divers. 21: 139-150Crossref (64) 32.Krueck N.C. MPA fisheries.Ecol. 925-941Crossref (70) 33.Dickson B.G. al.Circuit-theory applications science conservation.Conserv. 33: 239-249Crossref (178) transferability uptake methods real-world remains limited given explorations decision-makers ground social–economic considerations, equity, political realities) [34.Virtanen al.Marine analogues realm.Landsc. 35: 1021-1034Crossref (14) consequence, integration decisions practitioners fully realised though particularly addressing livelihoods [28.Tittensor overview organisms, achievement With examples, illustrate Planning protection, restoration, harvesting) long-term relates foundational principle adequacy Scholar,35.Kukkala A.S. Moilanen Core prioritisation systematic 2013; 88: 443-464Crossref (267) ensures coverage intensity enough maintain adaptive structured communities so they Scholar,36.Keeley Scholar,37.Jetz W. al.Include targets.Nat. 123-126Crossref Achieving requires continued integrity biological [38.Edelsparre A.H. al.Habitat determined strategy.Ecol. 8: 5508-5514Crossref (15) [39.Venarsky Scholar,40.Benkwitt C.E. al.Seabird nutrient subsidies alter algal abundance following bleaching event.Glob. 2619-2632Crossref (36) Flows carbon) subsidies) ecosystems achieved [41.Alberti complexity urban dynamics.Bioscience. 70: 772-793Crossref (58) Scholar,42.Olds A.D. seascape synthesis.Glob. Biogeogr. 2016; 3-15Crossref (107) genes amongst promoting diversity [6.Riginos Ree

Language: Английский

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Impact of life history traits on gene flow: A multispecies systematic review across oceanographic barriers in the Mediterranean Sea

PLoS ONE, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 12(5), P. e0176419 - e0176419

Published: May 10, 2017

Background Marine species can demonstrate strong genetic differentiation and population structure despite the hypothesis of open seas high connectivity. Some suggested drivers causing breaks are oceanographic barriers species' biology. We assessed relevance seven major fronts on connectivity while considering their dispersal capacity life strategy. Methods systematically reviewed scientific articles reporting along Mediterranean Sea across Atlantic-Mediterranean transition. retained those at least one sampling locality each side an front, two localities with no-front between them to correctly assess effect front. To estimate impact history characteristics affecting we considered planktonic larval duration (PLD) adult Results Oceanographic in seem reduce gene flow globally; however, this is not homogeneous traits species. The reduces highly mobile PLD larger than 2–4 weeks. Benthic sessile and/or short (< 2 weeks) have more significant higher motility; occurs independently presence a Conclusion Genetic important for populations recover from anthropogenic or natural impacts. show that low mobility, mostly habitat-formers, but reduction mediated by therefore, importance these species, emphasize vulnerability ecosystems necessity protection strategies based whole ecosystem.

Language: Английский

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Quantifying the conservation value of seascape connectivity: a global synthesis

Global Ecology and Biogeography, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 25(1), P. 3 - 15

Published: Oct. 18, 2015

Abstract Aim Connectivity structures populations, communities and ecosystems in the sea. The extent of connectivity is, therefore, predicted to also influence outcomes conservation initiatives, such as marine reserves. Here we review published evidence about how important seascape (i.e. landscape sea) is for outcomes. Location Global. Methods We analysed global literature on effects reserve performance. Results In majority cases, greater inside reserves translates into better enhanced productivity diversity). Research performance however, most often conducted separately from research connectivity, resulting few studies (< 5% all connectivity) that have quantified modifies assemblages or ecosystem functioning seascapes. Nevertheless, positive geographically widespread, encompassing Caribbean Sea, Florida Keys western Pacific Ocean. Main conclusions Given rarely connects reserves, our thesis stronger linkages between ecology spatial planning are likely improve key science challenge identify full range ecological functions modulated by scale over which these enhance

Language: Английский

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Ocean acidification refugia in variable environments

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 25(10), P. 3201 - 3214

Published: June 14, 2019

Abstract Climate change refugia in the terrestrial biosphere are areas where species protected from global environmental and arise natural heterogeneity landscapes climate. Within marine realm, ocean acidification, or decline seawater pH, remains a pervasive threat to organisms ecosystems. Natural variability carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) chemistry, however, presents an opportunity identify acidification (OAR) for species. Here, we review literature examine impacts of variable CO chemistry on biological responses develop framework definitions criteria that connects current OAR research management goals. Under concept managing vulnerability, most likely mechanisms by which can mitigate reducing exposure harmful conditions enhancing adaptive capacity. While local options, such as OAR, show some promise, they present unique challenges, anthropogenic emissions must remain priority.

Language: Английский

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