Chemical Biology & Drug Design,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
103(1)
Published: Nov. 2, 2023
Abstract
Breast
cancer
is
a
common
and
deadly
disease,
so
there
constant
need
for
research
to
find
efficient
targets
therapeutic
approaches.
can
be
classified
on
molecular
histological
base.
divided
into
ER
(estrogen
receptor)‐positive
ER‐negative,
HER2
(human
epidermal
growth
factor
receptor2)‐positive
HER2‐negative
subtypes
based
the
presence
of
specific
biomarkers.
Targeting
hormone
receptors,
such
as
HER2,
progesterone
receptor
(PR),
ER,
very
significant
plays
vital
role
in
onset
progression
breast
cancer.
Endocrine
treatments
HER2‐targeted
drugs
are
examples
targeted
therapies
now
being
used
against
these
receptors.
Emerging
immune‐based
medicines
with
promising
outcomes
treatment
include
immune
checkpoint
inhibitors,
vaccines,
adoptive
T‐cell
therapy.
It
also
explored
how
cells
tumor
microenvironment
affect
development
response.
The
major
biochemical
pathways,
signaling
cascades,
DNA
repair
mechanisms
that
involved
cancer,
PI3K/AKT/mTOR
system,
MAPK
pathway,
others.
These
pathways
intended
inhibited
by
variety
drugs,
which
then
delivered
goal
restoring
normal
cellular
function.
This
review
aims
shed
light
types
summarization
different
approaches
target
tailored
better
patient
outcomes.
Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
10
Published: Aug. 8, 2023
Nanogels
are
highly
recognized
as
adaptable
drug
delivery
systems
that
significantly
contribute
to
improving
various
therapies
and
diagnostic
examinations
for
different
human
diseases.
These
three-dimensional,
hydrophilic
cross-linked
polymers
have
the
ability
absorb
large
amounts
of
water
or
biological
fluids.
Due
growing
demand
enhancing
current
therapies,
nanogels
emerged
next-generation
system.
They
effectively
address
limitations
conventional
therapy,
such
poor
stability,
particle
size,
low
loading
efficiency.
find
extensive
use
in
controlled
therapeutic
agents,
reducing
adverse
effects
enabling
lower
doses
while
maintaining
enhanced
efficacy
patient
compliance.
considered
an
innovative
system
highlights
shortcomings
traditional
methods.
This
article
covers
several
topics,
including
involvement
nanomedicine
sector,
their
advantages
limitations,
ideal
properties
like
biocompatibility,
biodegradability,
capacity,
permeability,
non-immunological
response,
colloidal
stability.
Additionally,
it
provides
information
on
nanogel
classification,
synthesis,
release
mechanisms,
applications.
The
also
discusses
barriers
associated
with
brain
targeting
progress
nanocarriers
delivering
agents
central
nervous
Parkinson's
disease
(PD)
is
a
degenerative
neurological
condition
marked
by
the
gradual
loss
of
dopaminergic
neurons
in
substantia
nigra
pars
compacta.
The
precise
etiology
PD
remains
unclear,
but
emerging
evidence
suggests
significant
role
for
disrupted
autophagy-a
crucial
cellular
process
maintaining
protein
and
organelle
integrity.
Molecular Cancer,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
21(1)
Published: May 10, 2022
Abstract
Brain
metastasis
(BrM)
is
a
major
problem
associated
with
cancer-related
mortality,
and
currently,
no
specific
biomarkers
are
available
in
clinical
settings
for
early
detection.
Liquid
biopsy
widely
accepted
as
non-invasive
method
diagnosing
cancer
other
diseases.
We
have
reviewed
the
evidence
that
shows
how
molecular
alterations
involved
BrM,
majorly
from
breast
(BC),
lung
(LC),
melanoma,
an
inception
they
can
be
employed
biomarker
development.
discussed
genetic
epigenetic
changes
influence
cells
to
breach
blood-brain
barrier
(BBB)
help
establish
metastatic
lesions
uniquely
distinct
brain
microenvironment.
Keeping
abreast
recent
breakthroughs
context
of
various
biomolecules
detections
identifications,
circulating
tumor
(CTC),
cell-free
nucleotides,
non-coding
RNAs,
secretory
proteins,
metabolites
pursued
human
body
fluids
such
blood,
serum,
cerebrospinal
fluid
(CSF),
urine
obtain
potential
candidates
The
liquid
biopsy-based
overlay
current
imaging
techniques
amplify
signal
viable
improving
detection
treatments
occult
BrM.
Nanoscale,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
16(27), P. 12750 - 12792
Published: Jan. 1, 2024
Electrochemical
bio-sensing
is
a
potent
and
efficient
method
for
converting
various
biological
recognition
events
into
voltage,
current,
impedance
electrical
signals.
Biochemical
sensors
are
now
common
part
of
medical
applications,
such
as
detecting
blood
glucose
levels,
food
pathogens,
specific
cancers.
As
an
exciting
feature,
bio-affinity
couples,
proteins
with
aptamers,
ligands,
paired
nucleotides,
antibodies
antigens,
commonly
used
bio-sensitive
elements
in
electrochemical
biosensors.
Biotin-avidin
interactions
have
been
utilized
purposes
recent
years,
targeting
drugs,
diagnosing
clinically,
labeling
immunologically,
biotechnology,
biomedical
engineering,
separating
or
purifying
biomolecular
compounds.
The
interaction
between
biotin
avidin
widely
regarded
one
the
most
robust
reliable
noncovalent
due
to
its
high
bi-affinity
ability
remain
selective
accurate
under
reaction
conditions
bio-molecular
attachments.
More
recently,
there
numerous
attempts
develop
sense
circulating
cancer
cells
measurement
intracellular
levels
protein
thiols,
formaldehyde,
vitamin-targeted
polymers,
huwentoxin-I,
anti-human
antibodies,
variety
tumor
markers
(including
alpha-fetoprotein,
epidermal
growth
factor
receptor,
prostate-specific
Ag,
carcinoembryonic
antigen
125,
15-3,
etc.).
Still,
non-specific
binding
endogenous
biotin-binding
present
samples
can
result
false-positive
signals
hinder
detection
biomarkers.
This
review
summarizes
categories
biotin-functional
nanoparticles
designed
detect
biomarkers
highlights
some
challenges
using
them
diagnostic
tools.
