Respiration
is
a
brain
function
on
which
our
lives
essentially
depend.
Control
of
respiration
ensures
that
the
frequency
and
depth
breathing
adapt
continuously
to
metabolic
needs.
In
addition,
respiratory
control
network
has
organize
muscular
synergies
integrate
ventilation
with
posture
body
movement.
Finally,
coupled
cardiovascular
emotion.
Here,
we
argue
can
handle
this
all
by
integrating
brainstem
central
pattern
generator
circuit
in
larger
also
comprises
cerebellum.
Although
currently
not
generally
recognized
as
center,
cerebellum
well
known
for
its
coordinating
modulating
role
motor
behavior,
autonomic
nervous
system.
review,
discuss
regions
involved
respiration,
their
anatomical
functional
interactions.
We
how
sensory
feedback
result
adaptation
these
mechanisms
be
compromised
various
neurological
psychological
disorders.
demonstrate
generators
are
part
integrated
regions.
Annals of Neurology,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
80(5), P. 644 - 659
Published: Sept. 20, 2016
Freezing
of
gait
(FOG)
is
a
common
and
debilitating,
but
largely
mysterious,
symptom
Parkinson
disease.
In
this
review,
we
will
discuss
the
cerebral
substrate
FOG
focusing
on
brain
physiology
animal
models.
Walking
combination
automatic
movement
processes,
afferent
information
processing,
intentional
adjustments.
Thus,
normal
requires
delicate
balance
between
various
interacting
neuronal
systems.
To
further
understand
control
specifically
FOG,
basic
gait,
models
disturbance
including
alternative
etiologies
functional
magnetic
resonance
studies
investigating
FOG.
The
outcomes
these
point
to
dynamic
network
cortical
areas
such
as
supplementary
motor
area,
well
subcortical
striatum
mesencephalic
locomotor
region
pedunculopontine
nucleus
(PPN).
Additionally,
review
PPN
(area)
stimulation
possible
treatment
for
ponder
whether
truly
right
step
forward.
Ann
Neurol
2016;80:644-659.
Neuron,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
97(4), P. 869 - 884.e5
Published: Feb. 1, 2018
The
spinal
cord
contains
neural
networks
that
enable
regionally
distinct
motor
outputs
along
the
body
axis.
Nevertheless,
it
remains
unclear
how
segment-specific
computations
are
processed
because
cardinal
interneuron
classes
control
neurons
appear
uniform
at
each
level
of
cord.
V2a
interneurons
essential
to
both
forelimb
and
hindlimb
movements,
here
we
identify
two
major
types
emerge
during
development:
type
I
marked
by
high
Chx10
form
recurrent
with
neighboring
II
downregulate
project
supraspinal
structures.
Types
arrayed
in
counter-gradients,
this
network
activates
different
patterns
output
cervical
lumbar
levels.
Single-cell
RNA
sequencing
(RNA-seq)
revealed
comprised
multiple
subtypes.
Our
findings
uncover
a
molecular
anatomical
organization
reminiscent
orderly
way
divided
into
columns
pools.
Annual Review of Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
42(1), P. 27 - 46
Published: Jan. 30, 2019
Wakefulness,
rapid
eye
movement
(REM)
sleep,
and
non-rapid
(NREM)
sleep
are
characterized
by
distinct
electroencephalogram
(EEG),
electromyogram
(EMG),
autonomic
profiles.
The
circuit
mechanism
coordinating
these
changes
during
sleep-wake
transitions
remains
poorly
understood.
past
few
years
have
witnessed
progress
in
the
identification
of
REM
NREM
neurons,
which
constitute
highly
distributed
networks
spanning
forebrain,
midbrain,
hindbrain.
Here
we
propose
an
arousal-action
for
control
wakefulness
is
supported
separate
arousal
action
while
neurons
part
central
somatic
motor
circuits.
This
model
well
currently
known
wake
neurons.
It
can
also
account
EEG,
EMG,
profiles
wake,
REM,
states
several
key
features
their
transitions.
intimate
association
between
autonomic/somatic
circuits
suggests
that
a
primary
function
to
suppress
activity.
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
13
Published: June 6, 2019
Significant
progress
has
been
made
in
the
treatment
of
spinal
cord
injury
(SCI).
Advances
post-trauma
management
and
intensive
rehabilitation
have
significantly
improved
prognosis
SCI
converted
what
was
once
an
"ailment
not
to
be
treated"
into
a
survivable
injury,
but
cold
hard
fact
is
that
we
still
do
validated
method
improve
paralysis
SCI.
The
irreversible
functional
impairment
injured
caused
by
disruption
neuronal
transduction
across
lesion,
which
brought
about
demyelination,
axonal
degeneration,
loss
synapses.
Furthermore,
refractory
substrates
generated
inhibit
spontaneous
recovery.
discovery
regenerative
capability
central
nervous
system
neurons
proper
environment
verification
neural
stem
cells
incited
hope
cure
for
on
horizon.
That
gradually
replaced
with
mounting
frustration
when
neuroprotective
drugs,
cell
transplantation,
strategies
enhance
remyelination,
regeneration,
plasticity
demonstrated
significant
improvement
animal
models
did
translate
human
patients.
However,
recent
advances
research
greatly
increased
our
understanding
fundamental
processes
underlying
fostered
increasing
optimism
these
multiple
are
finally
coming
together
bring
new
era
will
able
propose
encouraging
therapies
lead
appreciable
improvements
In
this
review,
outline
pathophysiology
makes
regeneration
discuss
done
replacement
biomaterial
implantation
strategies,
both
itself
as
combined
treatment.
We
focus
capacity
facilitate
connectivity
necessary
achieve
meaningful
recovery
after
Cell,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
185(6), P. 1065 - 1081.e23
Published: March 1, 2022
Motor
behaviors
are
often
planned
long
before
execution
but
only
released
after
specific
sensory
events.
Planning
and
each
associated
with
distinct
patterns
of
motor
cortex
activity.
Key
questions
how
these
dynamic
activity
generated
they
relate
to
behavior.
Here,
we
investigate
the
multi-regional
neural
circuits
that
link
an
auditory
"Go
cue"
transition
from
planning
directional
licking.
Ascending
glutamatergic
neurons
in
midbrain
reticular
pedunculopontine
nuclei
show
short
latency
phasic
changes
spike
rate
selective
for
Go
cue.
This
signal
is
transmitted
via
thalamus
cortex,
where
it
triggers
a
rapid
reorganization
state
planning-related
command,
which
turn
drives
appropriate
movement.
Our
studies
can
control
cortical
dynamics
precise
