Advanced Science,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
11(42)
Published: July 4, 2024
Abstract
Galactic
cosmic
radiation
(GCR)
is
one
of
the
most
serious
risks
posed
to
astronauts
during
missions
Moon
and
Mars.
Experimental
models
capable
recapitulating
human
physiology
are
critical
understanding
effects
on
organs
developing
radioprotective
measures
against
space
travel
exposures.
The
systemic
studied
using
a
multi‐organ‐on‐a‐chip
(multi‐OoC)
platform
containing
engineered
tissue
bone
marrow
(site
hematopoiesis
acute
damage),
cardiac
muscle
chronic
damage)
liver
metabolism),
linked
by
vascular
circulation
with
an
endothelial
barrier
separating
individual
chambers
from
perfusate.
Following
protracted
neutron
radiation,
damaging
component
in
deep
space,
greater
deviation
function
observed
as
compared
same
cumulative
dose
delivered
acutely.
Further,
characterizing
(eBM)‐derived
immune
cells
circulation,
58
unique
genes
specific
dosing
identified,
acutely
irradiated
healthy
tissues.
It
propose
that
this
bioengineered
allows
studies
responses
extended
exposure
“astronaut‐on‐a‐chip”
model
can
inform
for
mitigating
injury.
Organs-on-chips
(OoCs)
are
systems
containing
engineered
or
natural
miniature
tissues
grown
inside
microfluidic
chips.
To
better
mimic
human
physiology,
the
chips
designed
to
control
cell
microenvironments
and
maintain
tissue-specific
functions.
Combining
advances
in
tissue
engineering
microfabrication,
OoCs
have
gained
interest
as
a
next-generation
experimental
platform
investigate
pathophysiology
effect
of
therapeutics
body.
There
many
examples
there
applications,
making
it
difficult
for
new
researchers
understand
what
makes
one
OoC
more
suited
an
application
than
another.
This
Primer
is
intended
give
introduction
aspects
that
need
be
considered
when
developing
application-specific
OoC.
The
covers
guiding
principles
considerations
design,
fabricate
operate
OoC,
well
subsequent
assaying
techniques
extract
biological
information
from
devices.
Alongside
this
discussion
current
future
applications
technology,
inform
design
operational
decisions
during
implementation
systems.
with
aim
mimicking
physiology
range
biomedical
therapeutic
applications.
Leung,
de
Haan
et
al.
report
practical
tips
organ-on-a-chip
Hepatology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
75(2), P. 473 - 488
Published: Dec. 19, 2021
Abstract
Steady
progress
over
four
decades
toward
understanding
the
pathogenesis
and
clinical
consequences
of
hepatic
fibrosis
has
led
to
expectation
effective
antifibrotic
drugs,
yet
none
been
approved.
Thus,
an
assessment
field
is
timely,
clarify
priorities
accelerate
progress.
Here,
we
highlight
successes
date
but,
more
importantly,
identify
gaps
unmet
needs,
both
experimentally
clinically.
These
include
need
better
define
cell–cell
interactions
etiology‐specific
elements
fibrogenesis
their
link
disease‐specific
drivers
portal
hypertension.
Success
in
treating
viral
hepatitis
revealed
remarkable
capacity
liver
degrade
scar
reversing
fibrosis,
know
little
mechanisms
underlying
this
response.
there
exigent
cellular
molecular
regression
order
for
therapeutics
mimic
liver’s
endogenous
capacity.
Better
refined
predictive
vitro
animal
models
will
hasten
drug
development.
From
a
perspective,
current
diagnostics
are
improving
but
not
always
biologically
plausible
or
sufficiently
accurate
supplant
biopsy.
More
urgently,
digital
pathology
methods
that
leverage
machine
learning
artificial
intelligence
must
be
validated
capture
prognostic
information
from
biopsies
quantify
response
therapies.
For
treatment
NASH,
orthogonal
approaches
integrate
genetic,
clinical,
pathological
data
sets
may
yield
treatments
specific
subphenotypes
disease.
Collectively,
these
other
advances
strengthen
streamline
trials
histologic
responses
outcomes.
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
9(1)
Published: April 26, 2024
The
induced
pluripotent
stem
cell
(iPSC)
technology
has
transformed
in
vitro
research
and
holds
great
promise
to
advance
regenerative
medicine.
iPSCs
have
the
capacity
for
an
almost
unlimited
expansion,
are
amenable
genetic
engineering,
can
be
differentiated
into
most
somatic
types.
been
widely
applied
model
human
development
diseases,
perform
drug
screening,
develop
therapies.
In
this
review,
we
outline
key
developments
iPSC
field
highlight
immense
versatility
of
modeling
therapeutic
applications.
We
begin
by
discussing
pivotal
discoveries
that
revealed
potential
a
nucleus
reprogramming
led
successful
generation
iPSCs.
consider
molecular
mechanisms
dynamics
as
well
numerous
methods
available
induce
pluripotency.
Subsequently,
discuss
various
iPSC-based
cellular
models,
from
mono-cultures
single
type
complex
three-dimensional
organoids,
how
these
models
elucidate
diseases.
use
examples
neurological
disorders,
coronavirus
disease
2019
(COVID-19),
cancer
diversity
disease-specific
phenotypes
modeled
using
iPSC-derived
cells.
also
used
high-throughput
screening
toxicity
studies.
Finally,
process
developing
autologous
allogeneic
therapies
their
alleviate
Theranostics,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
13(13), P. 4526 - 4558
Published: Jan. 1, 2023
Drug
evaluation
has
always
been
an
important
area
of
research
in
the
pharmaceutical
industry.
However,
animal
welfare
protection
and
other
shortcomings
traditional
drug
development
models
pose
obstacles
challenges
to
evaluation.
Organ-on-a-chip
(OoC)
technology,
which
simulates
human
organs
on
a
chip
physiological
environment
functionality,
with
high
fidelity
reproduction
organ-level
physiology
or
pathophysiology,
exhibits
great
promise
for
innovating
pipeline.
Meanwhile,
advancement
artificial
intelligence
(AI)
provides
more
improvements
design
data
processing
OoCs.
Here,
we
review
current
progress
that
made
generate
OoC
platforms,
how
single
multi-OoCs
have
used
applications,
including
testing,
disease
modeling,
personalized
medicine.
Moreover,
discuss
issues
facing
field,
such
as
large
reproducibility,
point
integration
OoCs
AI
analysis
automation,
is
benefit
future
Finally,
look
forward
opportunities
faced
by
coupling
AI.
In
summary,
advancements
development,
combinations
AI,
will
eventually
break
state
