The blood–brain barrier: Structure, regulation and drug delivery

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: May 25, 2023

Abstract Blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a natural protective membrane that prevents central nervous system (CNS) from toxins and pathogens in blood. However, the presence of BBB complicates pharmacotherapy for CNS disorders as most chemical drugs biopharmaceuticals have been impeded to enter brain. Insufficient drug delivery into brain leads low therapeutic efficacy well aggravated side effects due accumulation other organs tissues. Recent breakthrough materials science nanotechnology provides library advanced with customized structure property serving powerful toolkit targeted delivery. In-depth research field anatomical pathological study on further facilitates development brain-targeted strategies enhanced crossing. In this review, physiological different cells contributing are summarized. Various emerging permeability regulation crossing including passive transcytosis, intranasal administration, ligands conjugation, coating, stimuli-triggered disruption, overcome obstacle highlighted. Versatile systems ranging organic, inorganic, biologics-derived their synthesis procedures unique physio-chemical properties summarized analyzed. This review aims provide an up-to-date comprehensive guideline researchers diverse fields, offering perspectives system.

Language: Английский

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Review on Metal–Organic Framework Classification, Synthetic Approaches, and Influencing Factors: Applications in Energy, Drug Delivery, and Wastewater Treatment

ACS Omega, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 7(49), P. 44507 - 44531

Published: Dec. 2, 2022

Metal ions or clusters that have been bonded with organic linkers to create one- more-dimensional structures are referred as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Reticular synthesis also forms MOFs properly designated components can result in crystals high porosities and great chemical thermal stability. Due the wider surface area, huge pore size, crystalline nature, tunability, numerous shown be potential candidates various fields like gas storage delivery, energy storage, catalysis, chemical/biosensing. This study provides a quick overview of current MOF techniques order familiarize newcomers sciences field fast-growing research. Beginning classification nomenclature MOFs, approaches demonstrated. We emphasize applications such drug rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors, separation membranes. Lastly, future scope is discussed along prospective opportunities for application nano-MOFs, which will help promote their uses multidisciplinary

Language: Английский

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Carbon Dots in Bioimaging, Biosensing and Therapeutics: A Comprehensive Review

Small Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 2(6)

Published: May 8, 2022

Carbon dots (CDs), comprising crystalline graphitized carbon cores and polymer surface groups, are currently attracting a lot of interest in biological fields owing to their fluorescent properties, high photostability, biocompatibility low toxicity. In addition, the easy preparation functionalization CDs stimulate development CDs‐based composite materials with specific functions. Presently, applications growing at remarkable speed, justifying need for up‐to‐date review articles that capture recent progress this blossoming field. review, breakthroughs synthesis, modification, optical toxicology biocatalytic platforms described. Further, research related bioimaging, biosensing, drug delivery, antibacterial, anticancer (photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy synergistic therapy) antiviral therapies involving discussed detail. Finally, perspective on prospects challenges biomedicine biotechnology is provided.

Language: Английский

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AMPK signaling in diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance and diabetic complications: A pre-clinical and clinical investigation

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 146, P. 112563 - 112563

Published: Dec. 29, 2021

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered as a main challenge in both developing and developed countries, lifestyle has changed its management seems to be vital. Type I type II diabetes are the kinds they result hyperglycemia patients related complications. The gene expression alteration can lead development of DM AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) an energy sensor with aberrant various diseases including cancer, cardiovascular DM. present review focuses on understanding AMPK role Inducing signaling promotes glucose that importance for ameliorating hyperglycemia. Further investigation reveals enhancing insulin sensitivity treatment diabetic patients. Furthermore, upregulation inhibits stress cell death β cells preventing development. clinical studies have shown improving complications such brain disorders. improve neuropathy, nephropathy, liver reproductive alterations occurring during For exerting protective impacts, interacts other molecular pathways PGC-1α, PI3K/Akt, NOX4 NF-κB among others. Therefore, providing therapeutics based targeting beneficial amelioration

Language: Английский

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Mushroom-Derived Carbon Dots for Toxic Metal Ion Detection and as Antibacterial and Anticancer Agents

ACS Applied Nano Materials, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 3(6), P. 5910 - 5919

Published: May 27, 2020

Although carbon nanoparticles or quantum dots (C-dots) have been studied extensively for a variety of applications (e.g., photocatalysis, metal ion sensing, antibacterial, cell labeling), greener synthetic method is highly indispensable. Herein, we report facile one-step hydrothermal carbonization approach the synthesis fluorescent blue/green C-dots using oyster mushroom (Pleurotus species). First, demonstrate application these as colorimetric sensor toxic ions detection such heavy Pb2+ with limit (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) 58.63 μM 177.69 μM, respectively. Second, show promising probe DNA recognition through electrostatic intercalative interaction between ctDNA C-dots. Third, efficient antibacterial activity against three bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Finally, anticancer MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells demonstrated.

Language: Английский

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Chiral carbon dots: synthesis, optical properties, and emerging applications

Light Science & Applications, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: March 27, 2022

Carbon dots are luminescent carbonaceous nanoparticles that can be endowed with chiral properties, making them particularly interesting for biomedical applications due to their low cytotoxicity and facile synthesis. In recent years, synthetic efforts leading carbon other attractive optical properties such as two-photon absorption circularly polarized light emission have flourished. We start this review by introducing examples of molecular chirality its origins providing a summary chiroptical spectroscopy used characterization. Then approaches induce in nanomaterials reviewed. the main part we focus on dots, fabrication techniques bottom-up top-down chemical syntheses, morphology, optical/chiroptical properties. then consider emerging sensing, bioimaging, catalysis, conclude future challenges.

Language: Английский

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Nanotechnology’s frontier in combatting infectious and inflammatory diseases: prevention and treatment

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: Feb. 21, 2024

Abstract Inflammation-associated diseases encompass a range of infectious and non-infectious inflammatory diseases, which continuously pose one the most serious threats to human health, attributed factors such as emergence new pathogens, increasing drug resistance, changes in living environments lifestyles, aging population. Despite rapid advancements mechanistic research development for these current treatments often have limited efficacy notable side effects, necessitating more effective targeted anti-inflammatory therapies. In recent years, nanotechnology has provided crucial technological support prevention, treatment, detection inflammation-associated diseases. Various types nanoparticles (NPs) play significant roles, serving vaccine vehicles enhance immunogenicity carriers improve targeting bioavailability. NPs can also directly combat pathogens inflammation. addition, facilitated biosensors pathogen imaging techniques This review categorizes characterizes different NPs, summarizes their applications It discusses challenges associated with clinical translation this field explores latest developments prospects. conclusion, opens up possibilities comprehensive management

Language: Английский

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Hyaluronic acid-based nanoplatforms for Doxorubicin: A review of stimuli-responsive carriers, co-delivery and resistance suppression

Carbohydrate Polymers, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 272, P. 118491 - 118491

Published: July 27, 2021

An important motivation for the use of nanomaterials and nanoarchitectures in cancer therapy emanates from widespread emergence drug resistance. Although doxorubicin (DOX) induces cell cycle arrest DNA damage by suppressing topoisomerase activity, resistance to DOX has severely restricted its anti-cancer potential. Hyaluronic acid (HA) been extensively utilized synthesizing nanoparticles as it interacts with CD44 expressed on surface cells. Cancer cells can take up HA-modified through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Various types nanostructures such carbon nanomaterials, lipid polymeric nanocarriers have modified HA enhance delivery acid-based advanced materials provide a platform co-delivery genes drugs along efficacy overcome chemoresistance. In present review, potential methods application are discussed.

Language: Английский

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Emerging Strategies in Enhancing Singlet Oxygen Generation of Nano-Photosensitizers Toward Advanced Phototherapy

Nano-Micro Letters, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: May 5, 2022

Abstract The great promise of photodynamic therapy (PDT) has thrusted the rapid progress developing highly effective photosensitizers (PS) in killing cancerous cells and bacteria. To mitigate intrinsic limitations classical molecular photosensitizers, researchers have been looking into designing new generation nanomaterial-based (nano-photosensitizers) with better photostability higher singlet oxygen (SOG) efficiency, ways enhancing performance existing photosensitizers. In this paper, we review recent development nano-photosensitizers nanoplasmonic strategies to enhance SOG efficiency for PDT performance. Firstly, explain mechanism reactive species by followed a brief discussion on commercially available their PDT. We then introduce three types that can effectively produce molecules under visible light illumination, i.e., aggregation-induced emission nanodots, metal nanoclusters (< 2 nm), carbon dots. Different design approaches synthesize these were also discussed. further rate nano-photosensitizers, plasmonic using different nanoparticles both colloidal planar metal-PS systems are reviewed. key parameters determine metal-enhanced (ME-SOG) underlined enhancement Lastly, highlight future prospects nanoengineering strategies, discuss how nanobiotechnology theoretical simulation could accelerate ME-SOG image-guided therapy.

Language: Английский

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Multifunctional nanotheranostics for near infrared optical imaging-guided treatment of brain tumors

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 190, P. 114536 - 114536

Published: Sept. 13, 2022

Language: Английский

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