Pancreatic regulation of glucose homeostasis

Experimental & Molecular Medicine, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 48(3), P. e219 - e219

Published: March 11, 2016

In order to ensure normal body function, the human is dependent on a tight control of its blood glucose levels. This accomplished by highly sophisticated network various hormones and neuropeptides released mainly from brain, pancreas, liver, intestine as well adipose muscle tissue. Within this network, pancreas represents key player secreting sugar-lowering hormone insulin opponent glucagon. However, disturbances in interplay peptides involved may lead metabolic disorders such type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) whose prevalence, comorbidities medical costs take dramatic scale. Therefore, it utmost importance uncover understand mechanisms underlying interactions improve existing anti-diabetic therapies drugs one hand develop new therapeutic approaches other. review summarizes with other organs tissues that maintain homeostasis. Furthermore, their impact signaling pathways will be discussed. Recent advances our understanding how pancreatic cells respond raise possibility treatments for diabetes. The plays role sugar levels through release glucagon insulin, which oppose balance another. Weiping Han, Pia V. Röder colleagues at Agency Science, Technology Research Singapore have reviewed recent studies reveal complex between including gut, These identify many external triggers internal events follow exposure. Targeting some these newly identified molecules, enzymes underlie secretion likely yield

Language: Английский

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Enteroendocrine Cells: Chemosensors in the Intestinal Epithelium

Annual Review of Physiology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 78(1), P. 277 - 299

Published: Oct. 7, 2015

The enteroendocrine system orchestrates how the body responds to ingestion of foods, employing a diversity hormones fine-tune wide range physiological responses both within and outside gut. Recent interest in gut has surged with realization that they modulate glucose tolerance food intake through variety mechanisms, such are therefore excellent therapeutic candidates for treatment diabetes obesity. Characterizing roles functions different cells is an essential step understanding physiology, pathophysiology, therapeutics gut-brain-pancreas axis.

Language: Английский

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Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive Tract of Drosophila melanogaster

Genetics, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 210(2), P. 357 - 396

Published: Oct. 1, 2018

Abstract The gastrointestinal tract has recently come to the forefront of multiple research fields. It is now recognized as a major source signals modulating food intake, insulin secretion and energy balance. also key player in immunity and, through its interaction with microbiota, can shape our physiology behavior complex sometimes unexpected ways. insect intestine had remained, by comparison, relatively unexplored until identification adult somatic stem cells Drosophila over decade ago. Since then, growing scientific community exploited genetic amenability this organ powerful creative By doing so, we have shed light on broad range biological questions revolving around their niches, interorgan signaling immunity. Despite recent discovery, some mechanisms active flies already been shown be more widely applicable other systems, may therefore become relevant context human pathologies such cancers, aging, or obesity. This review summarizes current knowledge both formation function melanogaster digestive tract, focus main digestive/absorptive portion: strikingly adaptable midgut.

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms of Diabetes Improvement Following Bariatric/Metabolic Surgery

Diabetes Care, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 39(6), P. 893 - 901

Published: May 13, 2016

More than 20 years ago, Pories et al. published a seminal article, “Who Would Have Thought It? An Operation Proves to Be the Most Effective Therapy for Adult-Onset Diabetes Mellitus.” This was based on their observation that bariatric surgery rapidly normalized blood glucose levels in obese people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and 10 later, almost 90% remained free. suggested caloric restriction played key role relative contributions of proximal intestinal nutrient exclusion, rapid distal gut delivery, hormones required further investigation. These findings T2DM improvement/remission after have been widely replicated, together prevents or delays incident T2DM. Over ensuing two decades, important glucoregulatory roles gastrointestinal (GI) tract firmly established. However, physiological molecular mechanisms underlying beneficial glycemic effects remain incompletely understood. In addition proposed by al., changes bile acid metabolism, GI sensing utilization, incretins, possible anti-incretin(s), microbiome are implicated. changes, acting through peripheral and/or central pathways, lead reduced hepatic production, increased tissue uptake, improved insulin sensitivity, enhanced β-cell function. A constellation factors, rather single overarching mechanism, likely mediate postoperative improvement, contributing factors varying according surgical procedure. Thus, different bariatric/metabolic procedures provide us experimental tools probe physiology. Embracing this approach application detailed phenotyping, genomics, metabolomics, studies will enhance our understanding metabolic regulation help identify novel therapeutic targets.

Language: Английский

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Insulin/IGF signaling in Drosophila and other insects: factors that regulate production, release and post-release action of the insulin-like peptides

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 73(2), P. 271 - 290

Published: Oct. 15, 2015

Language: Английский

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Recent advances in neuropeptide signaling in Drosophila, from genes to physiology and behavior

Progress in Neurobiology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 179, P. 101607 - 101607

Published: March 22, 2019

Language: Английский

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An obligatory role for neurotensin in high-fat-diet-induced obesity

Nature, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 533(7603), P. 411 - 415

Published: May 1, 2016

Language: Английский

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Drosophilaas a model to study obesity and metabolic disease

Journal of Experimental Biology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 221(Suppl_1)

Published: March 7, 2018

ABSTRACT Excess adipose fat accumulation, or obesity, is a growing problem worldwide in terms of both the rate incidence and severity obesity-associated metabolic disease. Adipose tissue evolved animals as specialized dynamic lipid storage depot: cells synthesize (a process called lipogenesis) when energy plentiful mobilize stored lipolysis) needed. When disruption homeostasis favors increased synthesis with little turnover owing to genetic predisposition, overnutrition sedentary living, complications such diabetes cardiovascular disease are more likely arise. The vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) used model better understand mechanisms governing metabolism distribution. Flies offer wealth paradigms which study regulation physiological effects accumulation. Obese flies accumulate triacylglycerols body, an organ similar mammalian tissue, specializes catabolism. Discoveries have ranged from endocrine hormones that control obesity subcellular regulate lipogenesis lipolysis, many evolutionarily conserved. Furthermore, obese exhibit pathophysiological complications, including hyperglycemia, reduced longevity function – those observed humans. Here, we review some salient features enable researchers contributions feeding, absorption, distribution lipids systemic physiology.

Language: Английский

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Interorgan Communication Pathways in Physiology: Focus on Drosophila

Annual Review of Genetics, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 50(1), P. 539 - 570

Published: Oct. 12, 2016

Studies in mammals and Drosophila have demonstrated the existence significance of secreted factors involved communication between distal organs. In this review, primarily focusing on Drosophila, we examine known interorgan their functions, physiological inducers, integration regulating physiology. Moreover, describe how organ-sensing screens can systematically identify novel conserved factors. Finally, discuss enabled evolved as a result specialization Together, anticipate that future studies will establish model for metazoan network (ICN) it is deregulated disease.

Language: Английский

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The Drosophila TNF Eiger Is an Adipokine that Acts on Insulin-Producing Cells to Mediate Nutrient Response

Cell Metabolism, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 23(4), P. 675 - 684

Published: April 1, 2016

Language: Английский

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