Neurodevelopment of the association cortices: Patterns, mechanisms, and implications for psychopathology

Neuron, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 109(18), P. 2820 - 2846

Published: July 15, 2021

Language: Английский

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The Value of Dimensional Models of Early Experience: Thinking Clearly About Concepts and Categories

Perspectives on Psychological Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 16(6), P. 1463 - 1472

Published: Sept. 7, 2021

We review the three prevailing approaches—specificity, cumulative risk, and dimensional models—to conceptualizing developmental consequences of early-life adversity address fundamental problems with characterization these frameworks in a recent Perspectives on Psychological Science piece by Smith Pollak. respond to concerns raised Pollak about models early experience highlight value for studying adversity. Basic dimensions proposed existing include threat/harshness, deprivation, unpredictability. These identify core that cut across categorical exposures have been focus specificity risk approaches (e.g., abuse, institutional rearing, chronic poverty); delineate aspects are likely influence brain behavioral development; afford hypotheses adaptive maladaptive responses different adversity; articulate specific mechanisms through which exert their influences, experience-driven plasticity within an evolutionary-developmental framework. In doing so, advance falsifiable hypotheses, grounded neurodevelopmental evolutionary principles, supported accumulating evidence provide fertile ground empirical studies

Language: Английский

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Why and how does early adversity influence development? Toward an integrated model of dimensions of environmental experience

Development and Psychopathology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 34(2), P. 447 - 471

Published: March 14, 2022

Abstract Two extant frameworks – the harshness-unpredictability model and threat-deprivation attempt to explain which dimensions of adversity have distinct influences on development. These models address, respectively, why, based a history natural selection, development operates way it does across range environmental contexts, how neural mechanisms that underlie plasticity learning in response experiences influence brain Building these frameworks, we advance an integrated experience, focusing threat-based forms harshness, deprivation-based unpredictability. This makes clear why are inextricable and, together, essential understanding environment matter. Core integrative concepts include directedness learning, multiple levels developmental adaptation environment, tradeoffs between adaptive maladaptive responses adversity. The proposes proximal distal cues as well unpredictability those cues, calibrate both immediate rearing environments broader ecological current future. We highlight actionable directions for research needed investigate experience.

Language: Английский

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Stress and adolescence: vulnerability and opportunity during a sensitive window of development

Current Opinion in Psychology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 44, P. 286 - 292

Published: Oct. 25, 2021

Language: Английский

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The effects of early life adversity on children’s mental health and cognitive functioning

Translational Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: June 10, 2022

Emerging evidence suggests that partially distinct mechanisms may underlie the association between different dimensions of early life adversity (ELA) and psychopathology in children adolescents. While there is minimal types ELA are associated with specific outcomes, unique cognitive socioemotional consequences increase transdiagnostic risk mental health problems across internalizing externalizing spectra. The current review provides an overview recent findings examining (e.g., language, executive function), attention bias, emotion regulation), correlates along threat/harshness, deprivation, unpredictability. We underscore similarities differences connecting to particular identify gaps future directions help clarify inconsistencies literature. This focuses on childhood adolescence, periods exquisite neurobiological change sensitivity environment. utility dimensional models better understanding mechanistic pathways towards expression discussed, supporting value such developmental sequelae ELA. Integration existing focused psychiatric classification biobehavioral advance our etiology, phenomenology, treatment difficulties youth.

Language: Английский

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Influences of Caregiving on Development: A Sensitive Period for Biological Embedding of Predictability and Safety Cues

Current Directions in Psychological Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 30(5), P. 376 - 383

Published: Aug. 6, 2021

Across species, caregivers exert a powerful influence on the neural and behavioral development of offspring. Increasingly, both animal human research has highlighted specific patterns in caregivers' behavior that may be especially important early life, as well neurobiological mechanisms linking caregiving experiences with long-term affective behavior. Here we delineate evidence for an sensitive period during infancy toddlerhood when caregiver inputs are predictable associated safety become biologically embedded via influences corticolimbic circuitry involved emotion regulation. We propose these signals prime to receptive later stage-specific influences, such external regulation children's emotional reactivity. Following adversity disrupts predictability this period, accelerated maturation foreshorten protracted plasticity is characteristic humans. This work implications prevention intervention efforts children exposed life adversity.

Language: Английский

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Measuring early life adversity: A dimensional approach

Development and Psychopathology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 34(2), P. 499 - 511

Published: March 22, 2022

Exposure to adversity in childhood is associated with elevations numerous physical and mental health outcomes across the life course. The biological embedding of early experience during periods developmental plasticity one pathway that contributes these associations. Dimensional models specify mechanistic pathways linking different dimensions well-being later life. While findings from existing studies testing have provided promising preliminary support for models, less agreement exists about how measure experiences comprise each dimension. Here, we review approaches measuring two adversity: threat deprivation. We recommend specific measures constructs and, when possible, document same can be used by reporters lifespan maximize utility which recommendations applied. Through this approach, hope stimulate progress understanding particular environmental contribute lifelong health.

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms of neuroplasticity linking early adversity to depression: developmental considerations

Translational Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: Oct. 9, 2021

Abstract Early exposure to psychosocial adversity is among the most potent predictors of depression. Because depression commonly emerges prior adulthood, we must consider fundamental principles developmental neuroscience when examining how experiences childhood adversity, including abuse and neglect, can lead Considering that both environment brain are highly dynamic across period spanning gestation through adolescence, purpose this review discuss integrate stress-based models center processes. We offer a general framework for understanding in early life disrupts or calibrates biobehavioral systems implicated Specifically, propose sources nature environmental input shaping brain, mechanisms neuroplasticity involved, change development. contend effects largely depend on stage organism. First, summarize leading neurobiological focus risk mental disorders, In particular, highlight allostatic load, acceleration maturation, dimensions sensitive critical s. Second, expound evidence formulation distinct depending timing adverse experiences, inherent within certain windows development constraints these experiences. Finally, other important facets (e.g., unpredictability, perceptions one’s experiences) before discussing promising research directions future field.

Language: Английский

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Environmental contributions to cognitive development: The role of cognitive stimulation

Developmental Review, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 73, P. 101135 - 101135

Published: June 12, 2024

Early environmental experiences influence children's cognitive and neural development. In particular, stimulation, defined as inputs that engage the senses provide learning opportunities for children, fosters acquisition of knowledge across various domains. Low levels stimulation in early life may restrict opportunities, contributing to lasting consequences development later academic occupational achievement. This review delves into role related performance, available tools measuring settings, offers insights future research directions. addition, variability often linked differences socioeconomic status, create disparities access enriching foundation learning. We therefore briefly status also leverage evidence from intervention studies illustrate importance outcomes. Investigating on brain behavior is crucial developing effective strategies foster healthy all children unlocking their full potential.

Language: Английский

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Behavioral problems, dissociative symptoms, and empathic behaviors in children adopted in infancy from institutional and foster care in the Czech Republic

Attachment & Human Development, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 1 - 25

Published: Jan. 22, 2025

This study examined if considerably different caregiving experiences in infancy influence socio-emotional development later childhood. We included children aged 6-9 years who were, immediately after birth, placed quality state-run institutions (N = 24) or foster care with one family 23). All have lived stable families since their adoption before 15 months of age. Children the comparison group always biological parents 25). found that previously institutionalized had significantly more behavioral problems, dissociative symptoms, and lower empathic behavior scores than group. The fostered also exhibited problems symptoms but, notably, fewer findings underscore beneficial role compared to institutional consistency early play a crucial development.

Language: Английский

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