IEEE Access,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
10, P. 55650 - 55674
Published: Jan. 1, 2022
Academic
studies
on
the
Automatic
Voltage
Regulator
(AVR)
have
focused
a
linear
mathematical
model
which
lacks
protective
features.
More
accurate
of
AVR
system
includes
features
as
described
in
IEEE
standards.
The
models
without
features,
namely
limiters,
result
less
control
performance
since
outputs
real
controllers
are
always
bounded.
In
present
study,
controller
limited
between
-0.9pu
and
1.0pu,
upper
bound
exciter
output
is
by
3.1pu
with
direction
effect
limiters
investigated.
Two
novel
sliding
surface
function
proposed
based
(SMC3)
its
approximate
reduced-order
(SMC2).
having
only
two
parameters
optimized
improved
particle
swarm
optimization
(PSO)
algorithm.
After
optimization,
robustness
compared
results
various
operating
conditions
identical
to
previous
studies.
Nominal
time
constants
constituents
perturbed
from
-50%
50%,
±10%
disturbance
applied
output.
Although
limited,
overshoot
measured
than
0.1%
at
no-load
conditions.
against
parameter
uncertainties
an
average
Another
superiority
among
reported
literature
obtained
controllers,
where
minimum
overshoots
measured.
addition,
when
load
AVR,
generate
inputs
that
reject
successfully.
Furthermore,
keep
within
±5%
band
if
there
monotonic
change
All
show
PSO
drawn
best
perspective
time-domain
specifications
comparison
recently
controllers.
Energy and AI,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
17, P. 100406 - 100406
Published: July 28, 2024
Proton
exchange
membrane
(PEM)
based
electrochemical
systems
have
the
capability
to
operate
in
fuel
cell
(PEMFC)
and
water
electrolyser
(PEMWE)
modes,
enabling
efficient
hydrogen
energy
utilisation
green
production.
In
addition
essential
stacks,
system
of
PEMFC
or
PEMWE
consists
four
sub-systems
for
managing
gas
supply,
power,
thermal,
water,
respectively.
Due
system's
complexity,
even
a
small
fluctuation
certain
sub-system
can
result
an
unexpected
response,
leading
reduced
performance
stability.
To
improve
robustness
responsiveness,
considerable
efforts
been
dedicated
developing
advanced
control
strategies.
This
paper
comprehensively
reviews
various
strategies
proposed
literature,
revealing
that
traditional
methods
are
widely
employed
due
their
simplicity,
yet
they
suffer
from
limitations
accuracy.
Conversely,
offer
high
accuracy
but
hindered
by
poor
dynamic
performance.
highlights
recent
advancements
incorporating
machine
learning
algorithms.
Additionally,
provides
perspective
on
future
development
strategies,
suggesting
hybrid
should
be
used
research
leverage
strength
both
sides.
Notably,
it
emphasises
role
artificial
intelligence
(AI)
advancing
demonstrating
its
significant
potential
facilitating
transition
automation
autonomy.
IEEE Access,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
9, P. 29993 - 30010
Published: Jan. 1, 2021
Several
issues
have
been
risen
due
to
the
recent
vast
installations
of
renewable
energy
sources
(RESs)
instead
fossil
fuel
in
addition
replacement
electric
vehicles
(EVs)
for
fuel-powered
vehicles.
Mitigating
frequency
deviations
and
tie-line
power
fluctuations
has
become
driving
challenge
control
design
interconnected
systems.
RESs
represent
continuously
varying
generators
their
nature
dependency
on
environmental
conditions.
In
this
context,
article
presents
a
new
modified
hybrid
fractional
order
controller
load
EVs
The
combines
benefits
two
widely
employed
controllers,
including
FOPID
TID
controllers.
addition,
practical
application
artificial
ecosystem
optimization
(AEO)
method
proposed
determining
simultaneously
optimum
parameters.
are
validated
areas
system
with
different
types
considering
natural
characteristics
sources,
variations.
Obtained
simulation
results
verify
superior
performance
achieving
high
mitigation
deviations,
increased
robustness,
enhanced
stability
over
wide
range
parameters
uncertainty
fast
response
during
transients.
Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
44(9), P. 1862 - 1873
Published: Jan. 5, 2022
In
this
paper,
a
Fuzzy
proportional–integral–derivative
(Fuzzy
PID)
controller
design
is
presented
to
improve
the
automatic
voltage
regulator
(AVR)
transient
characteristics
and
increase
robustness
of
AVR.
PID
parameters
are
determined
by
genetic
algorithm
(GA)-based
optimization
method
using
novel
multi-objective
function.
The
function,
which
important
for
tuning
parameters,
obtains
optimal
solution
Integrated
Time
multiplied
Absolute
Error
(ITAE)
criterion
peak
value
output
response.
proposed
tested
on
two
AVR
models
with
different
compared
studies
in
literature.
It
observed
that
improves
response
properties
also
robust
parameter
changes.
Engineering Science and Technology an International Journal,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
35, P. 101264 - 101264
Published: Oct. 28, 2022
Voltage
regulation
in
automatic
voltage
regulator
(AVR)
system
has
been
one
of
the
most
challenging
engineering
problem
due
to
uncertain
load
condition.
Therefore,
control
AVR
by
using
PID
based
controller
is
essential
approach
maintain
performance
system.
Subsequently,
application
FOPID
gaining
more
attention
recently.
This
because
additional
parameters
at
derivative
and
integral
parts
than
controller,
which
advantage
improve
output
response
while
retaining
robustness
simple
construction
as
controller.
Nevertheless,
many
existing
optimization
tools
for
tuning
are
on
multi-agent
optimization,
require
large
number
function
evaluation
their
algorithm
that
could
lead
high
computational
burden.
this
study
proposes
a
modified
smoothed
(MSFA)
method
tune
since
it
requires
fewer
per
iteration.
Moreover,
proposed
MSFA
also
can
solve
unstable
convergence
issue
original
(SFA),
thus
able
provide
better
accuracy.
The
simulations
step
analysis,
Bode
plot
trajectory
tracking
disturbance
rejection
parameter
variation
analysis
conducted
evaluate
effectiveness
MSFA-FOPID
Consequently,
results
obtained
from
revealed
highly
effective
significantly
improved
compared
other
controllers.
Fractal and Fractional,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
7(4), P. 315 - 315
Published: April 6, 2023
This
work
provides
an
enhanced
novel
cascaded
controller-based
frequency
stabilization
of
a
two-region
interconnected
power
system
incorporating
electric
vehicles.
The
proposed
controller
combines
cascade
structure
comprising
fractional-order
proportional
integrator
and
derivative
with
filter
term
to
handle
the
regulation
challenges
hybrid
integrated
renewable
energy
sources.
Driver
training-based
optimization,
advanced
stochastic
meta-heuristic
method
based
on
human
learning,
is
employed
optimize
gains
controller.
performance
was
compared
that
other
control
methods.
In
addition,
results
driver
optimization
are
those
recent
algorithms,
such
as
imperialist
competitive
algorithm
jellyfish
swarm
optimization.
suggested
design
technique
have
been
evaluated
validated
under
variety
loading
circumstances
scenarios,
well
their
resistance
parameter
uncertainties.
indicate
new
controller’s
steady
operation
capability
optimal
coefficient
without
prerequisite
for
complex
layout
procedure.
e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering Electronics and Energy,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
6, P. 100325 - 100325
Published: Oct. 16, 2023
Automatic
voltage
regulators
(AVRs)
are
essential
components
in
electrical
systems
to
maintain
stable
output,
ensuring
optimal
performance
and
equipment
protection.
The
effectiveness
of
AVRs
rely
on
key
parameters
such
as
regulation,
response
time,
stability,
efficiency.
Integrating
controllers
with
offers
centralized
monitoring
enhancing
output
This
study
therefore
first
discusses
various
controller
types
which
showcase
distinctive
capabilities
based
their
tuning
strategies
then
introduces
an
intelligent
optimization
approach
using
fractional-order
proportional-integral-derivative
double
derivative
(FOPIDD2)
tailored
for
AVRs.
adopts
the
artificial
rabbits
(ARO)
algorithm,
fortified
adaptive
local
search
(ALS)
mechanism
experience-based
perturbed
learning
(EPL)
strategy.
modified
version
(m-ARO)
enhances
solution
diversity
navigational
efficacy,
resulting
improved
quality.
study's
core
objective
is
demonstrate
superior
m-ARO-based
FOPIDD2
addressing
multifaceted
challenges
AVR
control,
outperforming
conventional
techniques
speed
response,
robustness,
To
validate
method's
a
comparative
analysis
conducted
existing
different
algorithms.
Results
indicate
that
proposed
achieves
metrics,
demonstrating
its
capability.
also
includes
wider
perspective
by
considering
nineteen
controllers,
reported
literature,
comprehensive
comparison.
Notably,
method
exhibits
best
further
affirming
effectiveness.
Energies,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
16(5), P. 2086 - 2086
Published: Feb. 21, 2023
Existing
interconnected
power
systems
(IPSs)
are
being
overloaded
by
the
expansion
of
industrial
and
residential
sectors
together
with
incorporation
renewable
energy
sources,
which
cause
serious
fluctuations
in
frequency,
voltage,
tie-line
power.
The
automatic
voltage
regulation
(AVR)
load
frequency
control
(LFC)
loops
provide
high
quality
to
all
consumers
nominal
deviation,
ensuring
stability
security
IPS
these
conditions.
In
this
paper,
a
proportional
integral
derivative
(PID)
controller
is
investigated
for
effective
four-area
IPS.
Each
area
has
five
generating
units
including
gas,
thermal
reheat,
hydro,
two
namely
wind
solar
photovoltaic
plants.
PID
was
tuned
meta-heuristic
optimization
algorithm
known
as
gradient-based
optimizer
(GBO).
time
multiplied
squared
value
error
(ITSE)
utilized
an
criterion
evaluation
fitness
function.
responses
GBO-PID
were
evaluated
compared
integral–proportional
(GBO-I-PD),
tilt
(GBO-TID),
(GBO-I-P)
controllers
5%
step
perturbation
(SLP)
provided
each
four
areas.
Comprehensive
comparisons
between
other
methodologies
revealed
that
proposed
provides
superior
area.
reliability
efficacy
methodology
further
validated
variations
turbine
constant
speed
over
range
Â
±
25%.
It
evident
from
outcomes
sensitivity
analysis
very
reliable
can
successfully
stabilize
deviations
terminal
shorter
settling
