Overview of autoantibodies in COVID‐19 convalescents

Journal of Medical Virology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 95(6)

Published: June 1, 2023

Abstract Accumulating evidence shows that SARS‐CoV‐2 can potentially trigger autoimmune processes, which be responsible for the long‐term consequences of COVID‐19. Therefore, this paper aims to review autoantibodies reported in COVID‐19 convalescents. Six main groups were distinguished: (i) against components immune system, (ii) cardiovascular (iii) thyroid autoantibodies, (iv) specific rheumatoid diseases, (v) antibodies G‐protein coupled receptors, and (vi) other autoantibodies. The reviewed here clearly highlights infection may induce humoral responses. However, available studies share number limitations, such as: (1) sole presence does not necessarily implicate clinically‐relevant risks, (2) functional investigations rarely performed it is often unknown whether observed are pathogenic, (3) control seroprevalence, healthy, noninfected individuals was reported; thus sometimes detected result or accidental post‐COVID‐19 detection, (4) correlated with symptoms syndrome, (5) size studied small, (6) focused predominantly on adult populations, (7) age‐ sex‐related differences seroprevalence explored, (8) genetic predispositions involved generation during infections investigated, (9) reactions following variants vary clinical course remain unexplored. Further longitudinal advocated assess link between identified particular outcomes

Language: Английский

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Long COVID: plasma levels of neurofilament light chain in mild COVID-19 patients with neurocognitive symptoms

Molecular Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 29(10), P. 3106 - 3116

Published: April 27, 2024

Abstract It is well known the potential of severe acute respiratory coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection to induce post-acute sequelae, a condition called Long COVID. This syndrome includes several symptoms, but central nervous system (CNS) main one neurocognitive dysfunction. Recently it has been demonstrated relevance plasma levels neurofilament light chain (pNfL), as biomarker early involvement CNS in COVID-19. The aim this study was investigate relationship between pNfL patients with symptoms and NfL prognostic these cases. A group 63 long COVID ranging from 18 59 years-old were evaluated, submitted battery assessment, subdivided different groups, according results. Plasma samples collected during assessment used for measurement Single molecule array (SIMOA) assays. Levels significantly higher when compared HC ( p = 0.0031). cognitive impairment fatigue presented without individually combined 0.0263, 0.0480, 0.0142, respectively). Correlation analysis showed that lost exacerbation evaluation had significative correlation 0.0219 0.0255, Previous reports suggested are related risk severity predict lethality Our findings demonstrate SARS-CoV-2 seems have long-term impact on brain, even who mild disease. measurements might be useful identify associated will need continuous monitoring treatment support.

Language: Английский

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Incidence and management of the main serious adverse events reported after COVID‐19 vaccination

Pharmacology Research & Perspectives, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(3)

Published: June 1, 2024

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2n first appeared in Wuhan, China 2019. Soon after, it was declared a pandemic World Health Organization. The health crisis imposed new virus and its rapid spread worldwide prompted fast development of vaccines. For time human history, two vaccines based on recombinant genetic material technology were approved for use. These mRNA applied massive immunization programs around world, followed other more traditional approaches. Even though all tested clinical trials prior to their general administration, serious adverse events, usually very low incidence, mostly identified after application millions doses. Establishing direct correlation (the cause-effect paradigm) between vaccination appearance effects has proven challenging. This review focuses main observed vaccination, including anaphylaxis, myocarditis, vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia, Guillain-Barré syndrome, transverse myelitis reported context COVID-19 vaccination. We highlight symptoms, laboratory tests required an adequate diagnosis, briefly outline recommended treatments these effects. aim this work is increase awareness among healthcare personnel about events that may arise post-vaccination. Regardless ongoing discussion safety must be promptly treated effectively reduce risk complications.

Language: Английский

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Significance of Conserved Regions in Coronavirus Spike Protein for Developing a Novel Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(3), P. 545 - 545

Published: Feb. 24, 2023

Over the years, several distinct pathogenic coronaviruses have emerged, including pandemic SARS-CoV-2, which is difficult to curtail despite availability of licensed vaccines. The difficulty in managing SARS-CoV-2 linked changes variants’ proteins, especially spike protein (SP) used for viral entry. These mutations, SP, enable virus evade immune responses induced by natural infection or vaccination. However, some parts SP S1 subunit and S2 are considered conserved among coronaviruses. In this review, we will discuss epitopes proteins that been demonstrated various studies be may immunogenic development a vaccine. Considering higher conservancy S2, further likely challenges could limit from inducing robust promising approaches increase its immunogenicity.

Language: Английский

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COVID‐19 as a trigger of Guillain‐Barré syndrome: A review of the molecular mechanism

Immunity Inflammation and Disease, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(5)

Published: May 1, 2023

Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) caused a pandemic with serious complications. After disease 2019 (COVID‐19), several post‐acute COVID‐19 syndromes (PACSs) and long‐COVID sequels were reported. PACSs involve many organs, including the nervous, gustatory, immune systems. One of after SARS‐CoV‐2 infection vaccination is Guillain‐Barré (GBS). The incidence rate GBS or low. However, high prevalence severe complications GBS, for example, autonomic dysfunction failure, highlight importance post‐COVID‐19 GBS. It while patients simultaneous seem to have higher admission rates intensive care unit, demyelination more aggressive in patients. can trigger via pathways like direct neurotropism neurovirulence, microvascular oxidative stress, system disruption, molecular mimicry, autoantibody production. Although there are few studies on cellular mechanisms occurrence vaccination, we aimed discuss possible pathomechanism by gathering most recent evidence.

Language: Английский

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Impact of Delta SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Glucose Metabolism: Insights on Host Metabolism and Virus Crosstalk in a Feline Model

Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(2), P. 295 - 295

Published: Feb. 15, 2024

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes enhanced mortality in people with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Other highly infectious RNA viruses have demonstrated dependence on glucose transport utilization, so we hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 infection could lead to alterations cellular whole-body metabolism. Twenty-four healthy domestic cats were intratracheally inoculated B.1.617.2 (delta) samples collected at 4- 12-days post-inoculation (dpi). Blood circulating cortisol concentrations elevated 4 12 dpi. Serum insulin concentration was statistically significantly decreased, while angiotensin detected the pancreas skeletal muscle low levels; however, no change number of insulin-producing cells or proinflammatory cytokines observed infected through increased GLUT protein expression both heart lungs, correlating AMPK expression. In brief, blood cardio-pulmonary an AMPK-dependent mechanism, without affecting pancreas, suggesting induces reprogramming host A better understanding cell metabolism virus crosstalk discovery novel therapeutic targets for patients affected by COVID-19.

Language: Английский

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Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Activation, p53, and Autophagy Inhibition Characterize the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike Protein Induced Neurotoxicity

Cureus, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Dec. 9, 2022

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein and prions use common pathogenic pathways to induce toxicity in neurons. Infectious rapidly activate the p38 mitogen activated kinase (MAPK) pathway, SARS-CoV-2 proteins both MAPK c-Jun NH2-terminal (JNK) through toll-like receptor signaling, indicating potential for similar neurotoxicity, causing prion prion-like disease. In this review, we analyze roles of autophagy inhibition, molecular mimicry, elevated intracellular p53 levels reduced Wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (Wip1) dual-specificity (DUSP) expression neurons disease process. induced by via activation upregulation PrPC (the normal isoform protein, PrP) β amyloid. Through spike-protein-dependent elevation amyloid metabolism, increased can lead PrP misfolding impaired autophagy, generating We conclude that, according age protein-exposed patient state their cellular activity, excess sustained activity may be a catalytic factor neurodegeneration. An autoimmune reaction mimicry likely also contributes neurological symptoms. Overall results suggest that neurodegeneration is part due intensity duration exposure, advanced age, activation, function regulation p53. Finally, neurologically damaging effects cumulatively spike-protein dependent, whether exposure natural infection or, more substantially, repeated mRNA vaccination.

Language: Английский

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Evidence for Molecular Mimicry between SARS‐CoV‐2 and Human Antigens: Implications for Autoimmunity in COVID‐19

Autoimmune Diseases, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 2024(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

As for other viral diseases, the mechanisms behind apparent relationship between COVID‐19 and autoimmunity are yet to be clearly defined. Molecular mimicry, existence of sequence and/or conformational homology human antigens, could an important contributing factor. Here, we review accumulated evidence supporting occurrence mimicry SARS‐CoV‐2 proteins. Both bioinformatic approaches antibody cross‐reactions have yielded a significant magnitude events, far more common than expected happen by chance. The clinical implication this phenomenon is ample since many identified antigens may participate in pathophysiology or targets autoimmune diseases. Thus, related partially explained molecular further research designed specifically address possibility needed.

Language: Английский

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Rheumatoid Arthritis and COVID-19 at the Intersection of Immunology and Infectious Diseases: A Related PRISMA Systematic Literature Review

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(20), P. 11149 - 11149

Published: Oct. 17, 2024

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients face different health challenges when infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) than the general population, due to both their immunocompromised state and immunosuppressive therapies they receive. This systematic literature review, which follows Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) paradigm, explores interactions between RA SARS-CoV-2 infection, focusing on immunologic issues, disease management, vaccination, adverse outcomes. In order obtain most relevant information, we systematically reviewed specific from 1 January 2021 31 December 2023, based PRISMA method, by eventually selected 35 eligible articles, added other ISI-indexed studies enrich our results further. Consequently, performed a funnel analysis evaluate potential publication bias. Firstly, data collected revealed impact of pandemic diagnoses fear face-to-face medical consultations that delayed adequate treatment. Secondly, cardiovascular metabolic comorbidities increase risk prolonged COVID-19 symptoms, hospitalization, outcomes patients. With respect treatment used control RA, it was observed glucocorticoids (especially high-dose usage) Rituximab (RTX) predispose poor outcomes, as opposed Baricitinib interleukin-6 (IL-6) tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors. vaccination has proven effective generally safe in some studies, although Methotrexate (MTX), Abatacept (ABA), RTX have been associated impaired vaccine immune response. review brings updated thorough information immunological, clinical, management complex immune-mediated inflammatory (IMID) like setting underlines faced this group The lessons learned can be extended beyond shaping more informed compassionate healthcare system offering long-term care RA.

Language: Английский

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Guillain-Barré syndrome and COVID-19 vaccines: focus on adenoviral vectors

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: April 26, 2023

COVID-19 vaccination is a life-saving intervention. However, it does not come up without risk of rare adverse events, which frequency varies between vaccines developed using different technological platforms. The increased Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) has been reported for selected adenoviral vector but other vaccine types, including more widely used mRNA preparations. Therefore, unlikely that GBS results from the cross-reactivity antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein generated after vaccination. This paper outlines two hypotheses according to following due (1) generation anti-vector may cross-react with proteins involved in biological processes related myelin and axons, or (2) neuroinvasion adenovirus vectors peripheral nervous system, infection neurons subsequent inflammation neuropathies. rationale behind these outlined, advocating further epidemiological experimental research verify them. particularly important given ongoing interest adenoviruses developing various infectious diseases cancer immunotherapeutics.

Language: Английский

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